Lec 20 Flashcards
Cell body Location: Afferent Neuron
Dorsal root ganglion;
Location: Afferent Neuron
receptor is at the peripheral ending; ends at the spinal cord
“Two-Neuron Chain”
Autonomic Nervous System
Efferent Neuron Nervous Systems
ANS and SNS
Location: Efferent Neuron (ANS)
Preganglionic fiber originating in the CNS and terminating on a ganglion Postganglionic fiber originating in the ganglion and terminating on the effector organ.
Location: Efferent Neuron (SNS)
starts in spinal cord and ends at the effector organ.
3 Different types of Neurons
Afferent Neuron Efferent (ANS, SNS) Interneuron
Type of Neuron that terminates at Interneurons.
Afferent Neuron
Type of Neuron that terminates at effector organs (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, exocrine and some endocrine glands.)
ANS Efferent Neuron
Type of Neuron that terminates at effector organs like skeletal muscle.
SNS Efferent Neuron
Type of Neuron that terminates at interneurons and efferent neurons.
Interneuron
Type of Neuron that carries information about external and internal environment to the CNS.
Afferent Neuron
Type of Neuron that carriest instructions from CNS to effector organs
Efferent Neuron (ANS & SNS)
Type of Neuron that processes and integrates afferent input; initiates and coordinates efferent output; responsible for thought and other higher mental functions
Interneuron
What type of neuron has no Convergence of input on cell body?
Afferent Neuron
What type of neuron’s Input can only be excited and not an inhibition signal ?
Afferent Neuron
What types of neuro’s “ site of Action” is the “axon Hillock”
Efferent Interneurons
Type of Neuron’s “ site of action “ is the first excitable portion of a membrane adjacent to a receptor?
Afferent Neuron
Type of Neuron that can send inhibitory or excitatory inputs.
Efferent Interneuron
Type of Neuron that outputs only excites?
afferent efferent (SNS)
Type of Neuron that outputs can either excite or inhibit?
Interneuron Efferent (ANS)
Drugs that inhibit Neuronal Na+ Channels
Tetrodotoxin Saxitoxin
Drugs that inhibit Ca2+ Channels
w-conotoxin
Drugs that inhibit Muscle Na+ Channels
Tetrodotoxin Saxitoxin u-Conotoxin
Drugs that inhibit AChR Channel (Nicotinic)
d-Tubocurarine a-Bungarotoxin
Drugs that activate AChR Channel (Nicotinic)
ACh Nicotine
Drugs that inhibit AChe (Acetylcholinesterase)
Physostigmine DFP
Drugs that inhibit ACh release
Tetanus Drugs Botulinum toxin
Drugs that inhibit K+ Channel
Dendrotoxin
Drug that causes explosive release of ACh
Black widow spider venom
What inhibitors potentiate the effect of released ACh?
AChe inhibitors: Physostigmine DFP
Effects of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig’s disease
degeneration of motor neurons, paralysis and death (within 5 years)
Effects of Myasthenia gravis
muscle weakness(autoimmune response to ACh receptors at the NMJ)
Treatment of Myasthenia gravis
AChE inhibitors (Neostigmine) Irreversible: organophosphates - pesticides (parathion) nerve gases (sarin)
Organophosphates
AChE inhibitors and can be pesticides or nerve gases
Lambert-Eaton Syndrome
autoimmune disease caused by antibodies directed against presynaptic Ca2+ channels; weakness and fatigue.
Nervous System that originates in the brain or lateral horn of the spinal cord
ANS
Nervous System that originates in the ventral horn of the spinal cord for most; muscles to the head originate from brain.
SNS
Nervous System that has Two-neuron chain
ANS
Nervous System that that has a single neuron (motor neuron)
SNS
Nervous System that only innervates skeletal muscle
SNS
Nervous System that has duel innervation with two antagonistic branches .
ANS
Nervous System that uses 2 neurotransmitters
ANS - ACh, NE
Nervous System that uses 1 neurotransmitter
SNS - ACh
Nervous System that is under involuntary control
ANS
Nervous System that is under voluntary and involuntary control
SNS
Nervous System that undergoes stimulation only (no inhibition)
SNS
Nervous System that is controlled by the Spinal cord?
SNS & ANS
Nervous System that controlled by the medulla, hypothalamus, prefrontal association cortex?
ANS
Nervous System that is controlled by motor cortex , basal nuclei, cerebellum, brain stem
SNS
Nervous System that originates (preganglionic) at the Thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord
Sympathetic NS
Nervous System that is originates (preganglionic) at the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord?
parasympathetic NS
Nervous System that has its ganglion located in a ganglion chain (near spinal cord) , or collateral ganglia ?
Sympathetic NS
Nervous System that has its ganglion located in or near the effector organs (terminal ganglia)
Parasympathetic
Nervous System that has short cholinergic preganglionic fibers and long adrenergic postganglionic fibers?
Sympathetic NS
Nervous System that has Long cholinergic preganglionic fibers and short cholinergic postganglionic fibers
Parasympathetic
Nervous System that affects cardiac muscle, almost all smooth muscle, most exocrine glands, and some endocrine glands?
Sympathetic NS, Parasympathetic NS
Nervous System that has postganglion a1,a2,B1,B2 receptors
Sympathetic NS
Nervous System that has postganglionic M1-M5 (muscarinic) receptors
Parasympathetic
Nervous System that has preganglionic Nicotinic receptors?
Para and Sympathetic NS
Nervous System that responds to “fight or flight”
Sympathetic
Nervous System that responds to “rest and digest”
Parasympathetic
Cervical Vertebra
8
Thoracic Vertebra
12
Lumbar Vertebra
5
Sacral Vertebra
5
Coccygeal vertebra
1
Cauda Equina
“horse tail” rootlets that descend along the spinal cord after L1
The trend below the L1 Nerve?
spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral column so nerve roots descend along the cord before emerging. this starts at L1
Meninges
protective coverings in the spinal cord
Nervous System that is mainly monosynaptic from the CNS to the target organ?
Somatic NS
Nervous System that has a n1 receptor at the effector?
Somatic NS
Nervous System that has a N2 receptor ?
ANS (para and symp)
What type of receptor is responsible for: -production of IP3 and DAG -decrease production of cAMP -regulation of K+ channels
Muscarinic R. (1-5)
Nervous System that contains adrenergic receptors ?
Sympathetic NS - a & B receptors
Adrenergic receptor types:
a1,a2,B1,B2
Adrenergic receptor that is located in most sympathetic target cells
a1
Adrenergic receptor that is located in the digestive system
a2
Adrenergic receptor that is located in the heart
B1
Adrenergic receptor that is located in skeletal muscle; smooth muscle of some blood vessels and organs
B2
Adrenergic receptor that has a greater affinity for NE than Epi?
a1,a2
Adrenergic receptor that has equal affinity for NE and Epi?
B1
Adrenergic receptor that only has affinity for Epi and NOT Norepi?
B2
Adrenergic receptor that is excitatory?
a1,B1
Adrenergic receptor that is inhibitory?
a2,B2
Adrenergic receptor that causes increased smooth muscle contraction
a1
Adrenergic receptor that causes a decrease in digestive motility or decrease smooth muscle contraction
a2
Adrenergic receptor that increases rate and strength of cardiac muscle contraction
B1
Adrenergic receptor that causes breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscle; bronchiolar dilation and arteriolar vasodilation in skeletal muscle and heart (decrease in smooth muscle contraction)
B2
the Catecholamine receptors interact with Ga(s)
B1, B2, DA1
The Catecholamine receptors activate AC and raise levels of cAMP
B1,B2,DA1
the Catecholamine receptors interact with Ga(i)
a2 , D2
What Catecholamine receptors that inhibit AC
a2, D2
What Catecholamine interacts Ga(q)
a1
What Catecholamine receptor activates PLC and produces IP3 and DAG
a1
The nervous system that activates the Adrenal Medulla
Sympathetic NS
The receptors activated by the Adrenal medulla
a1,a2,B1,B2
The location of cell bodies in the sympathetic preganglionic neurons
intermediolateral column ofthe thoracic and lumbar spinal cord (t1-L3)
The location of cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
are either in the brain (midbrain, pons medulla) or in the sacral spinal cord (s2-s4)
a1-adrenergic agonists
(phenylephrine) used to treat nasal conjestion
B-adrenergic antagonists
(propanolol) used to treat hypertension
B-adrenergic agonist
(isoproterenol) used as bronchodilators to treat asthma
Atropine
muscarinic antagonist used to dilate the pupil for eye exams
varicosities
many axons of postganglionic neurons that make multiple points of contact.
Cotransmission
can modulate responses in the autonomic nervous system (small and large vessicles for fast and slow firing rate) [depends on Ca]
3 phases of contraction of vascular smooth muscle cell
phase 1 - ATP bind to P2X purinoceptor (depolarization) and a rapid Ca increase phase 2 - norepinephrine binds to an a1-receptor (Ga[q] cascade ip3 an DAG increase moderately fast calcium release) phase 3 - Y binds to Y1 receptor and causes a SLOW increase in Ca
NO (2 phases)
phase 1 - mediated by NO and ACh, neuron releases NO and it diffuses through smooth muscle cell; ACh binds to M3 on endothelial cells leading to production of NO (eNOS) . NO activates guanylyl cyclase and raise [cGMP]i in the smooth muscle cell. (relaxation) phase 2 - tends to occur more with prolonged or intense stimulation, VIP binds to receptors on smooth muscle cell and causes a delayed relaxation through an increase in [cAMP]i or decrease in Ca2+.