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PHPY 301 > Lec 16 > Flashcards

Lec 16 Flashcards

1
Q

short term plasticity of different kinds may be caused by ..

A

repetitive stimulation of a synapse

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1
Q

While studying NMJs, how could you enhance a motor endplate to undergo depression?

A

treat the endplate with curare and place it in high Ca2+ solution

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2
Q

short-term presynaptic plasticity usually reflects changes that occur where?

A

presynpatic changes

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2
Q

What type of long term plasticity takes place when phosphorylation of the AMPA receptors occurs?

A

LTP

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3
Q

Which type of short term plasticity causes an increase in synaptic strength that outlasts the period of high-frequency stimulation?

A

Potentiation

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3
Q

repetitive electrical stimulation of the sensory neuron that leads to progressive decrease in the size of the postsynaptic response is known as…

A

habituation

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4
Q

repetitive stimulation of a neuronal synapse that yields an increase in strength which lasts ten to hundreds of milliseconds is known as…

A

facilitation

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4
Q

Quantal release (during LTP) changes how?

A

quantal release doesn’t change, more NT (glutamate) is recepted our bound to receptors in the postsynaptic membrane by the addition of receptors during the onset of LTP.

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4
Q

During LTP is single quantal current changed?

A

No

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5
Q

Does LTP change the size of the response to a single quanta released from a presynaptic terminal in the brain?

A

No, but it does change the number of quanta detected

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5
Q

low concentrations of Ca2+ inside the postsynaptic terminal of the hippocampus during low frequency presynaptic activation, will lead to what type of response in the postsynaptic membrane?

A

it leads to activation of protein phosphatases, which dephosphorylate the AMPA receptors and deactivating them and removing them from the postsynaptic membrane. The result is LTD

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7
Q

what protein kinase (in LTP) activates AMPA receptors by phosphorylating them and/or inserting them into the postsynaptic membrane?

A

Ca-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase

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8
Q

Both LTP and LDP are dependent on …

A

postsynaptic Ca2+ levels. HIGH levels (LTP) LOW levels (LDP)

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9
Q

repetitive stimulation of a neuronal synapse that yields an increase in strength which lasts tens of seconds to several minutes and outlasting the period of high-frequency stimulation is known as…

A

potentiation

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11
Q

repetitive stimulation of a neuronal synapse that yields an decrease in strength which occurs over a high frequency of activation is known as…

A

Depression

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12
Q

Potentiation is a form of short term plasticity that causes what kind of change in synaptic activity?

A

increases in synaptic strength which lasts several seconds to serveral minutes and outlasts the period of high-frequency stimulation.

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12
Q

If 5 quantum are released and reach the 5 postsynaptic spines that contain NMDA receptors. Of the 5 spines, 3 contain AMPA receptors as well. What is the quantum response with no postsynaptic depolarization?

A

3 –> quantum responses can only be registered with AMPA receptors without postsynaptic depolarization.

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13
Q

repetitive stimulation of a neuronal synapse that yields an decrease in strength which occurs over a low frequency of activation is known as…

A

Habituation

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13
Q

What marine mollusc is used to study synaptic plasticity, learning, and behaviour?

A

Aplysia Californica

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13
Q

Hippocampal neurons can undergo a long term increase in efficacy known as:

A

LTP

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13
Q

which postsynaptic receptor in brain is responsible for postsynaptic Ca levels?

A

NMDA

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14
Q

Facilitation is a form of short term plasticity that causes what kind of change in synaptic activity?

A

increases synaptic strength (ave. amplitude) which lasts tens to hundreds of milliseconds.

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15
Q

What type of long term plasticity takes place when dephosphorylation of the AMPA receptors occurs?

A

LTD

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16
Q

AMPA receptors on the postsynaptic membrane are inactivated and removed from the postsynaptic membrane when under the effects of what type of long term plasticity?

A

LDP

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18
Q

LTP has been heavily studied in what part of the mammalian brain?

A

hippocampus

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19
Q

What type of synaptic plasticity causes a decrease in stimulus strength over a low frequency of activation?

A

Habituation

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20
Q

In the Aplysia Californica, habituation effects can last a long period of time … around 50% at ____ weeks.

A

three weeks @ 50% duration of withdrawel

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20
Q

LTP only occurs upon activation of what postsynaptic receptors in the brain?

A

AMPA and NMDA

21
Q

In the Aplysia Californica, sensitivity decreases stimulation, however it returns after what amount of time?

A

around 1 day.

23
Q

Augmentation is a form of short term plasticity that causes what kind of change in synaptic activity?

A

increases in synaptic strength which lasts several seconds

24
Q

cooperativity requires what kind of activation of LTP?

A

2 or more coincident activations that cause presynaptic activation and postsynaptic depolarization.

26
Q

What are the key advantages of studying memory with a Aplysia Californica?

A
  1. very simple nervous system 2. simple behavioural repertoire
27
Q

While studying NMJs, How could you enhance a motor endplate to undergo facilitation?

A

bathe the endplate in a low Ca2+ solution

28
Q

What happens in the presynaptic terminal at a NMJ that may cause Facilitation to take place?

A

Accumulation of Ca2+ in the presynaptic membrane following each Action potential which consequentially increases the probability of more neurotransmitters being released from vesicles.

30
Q

In a presynaptic terminal within the brain, which type of NT vessel is located near the calcium channels?

A

secretory vesicles that contain the NT glutamate (in the brain)

32
Q

In the Aplysia Californica, tactile stimulation of the gill and siphon reflex undergoes what type of short term synaptic plasticity?

A

habituation - the current response decreases with each stimulus .

33
Q

The type of release that occurs at the presynaptic terminal can be influenced by…?

A

the rate and pattern of action potential firing

34
Q

What does synaptic plasticity mean?

A

the term for activity-dependent changes in the effectiveness of synapses.

34
Q

Hippocampal neurons can undergo long term decrease in synaptic efficacy (strength) by doing what?

A

providing a low frequency presynaptic activation (1Hz) until the postsynaptic cell is depolarized.

35
Q

In the Aplysia Californica, tactile stimulation of the gill and siphon reflex undergoes habitation. How would you dehabituate ?

A

a single large shock stimulus rehabituates and removes the effects of habituation.

37
Q

What is defined as the pairing, association, or cooperation of enough presynaptic stimulus in order to strongly activate the post synaptic cell?

A

classical conditioning

39
Q

In plasticity, longer lasting stimuli require what kind of conditioning?

A

longer condition.

40
Q

During LTP, how does the postsynaptic terminal provide regulation for the presynaptic cell?

A

In LTP, the postsynaptic cell will somehow signal the presynaptic cell and cause enhanced Neurotransmitter release.

41
Q

What can occur at “many excitatory synapses in the brain” ?

A

LTP

42
Q

What type of long term plasticity takes place when protein phosphatases are activated?

A

LTD

44
Q

Habituation is a form of short term plasticity that causes what kind of change in synaptic activity?

A

a decrease in synaptic strength which is slowly progressing decrease that occurs during relatively low frequency activation.

46
Q

What are 2 mechanisms used to cause a synapse in the brain to undergo LTP?

A
  1. rapid repetitive stimulation of one input or 2. Associative ATP or cooperativity –> presynaptic stimulation as well as postsynaptic depolarization by another input.
46
Q

which postsynaptic receptor in the brain is both voltage and ligand gated?

A

NMDA

47
Q

Is LTP most likely a presynaptic or postsynaptic effect?

A

most likely a postsynaptic effect due to AMPA and NMDA receptors , but it is speculated that it could be due to an increase in release of quanta in the presynaptic terminal.

48
Q

What happens in the presynaptic terminal at a NMJ that may cause Depression to take place?

A

may be caused by the depletion of vesicles from the terminal.

49
Q

Why do synaptic spines only containing NMDA receive no quantal response?

A

NMDA undergoes a silent synapse when the post synaptic membrane potential isn’t positive enough. No signal is transmitted.

50
Q

What type of long term plasticity takes place when protein kinases are activated?

A

LTP

51
Q

repetitive stimulation of a neuronal synapse that yields an increase in strength which lasts several seconds is known as…

A

augmentation

52
Q

While studying LTP in a rat hippocampus, you discover that stimulus 1 is very weak and by repeating the stimulus you are unable to induce LTP. What can you do in order to induce LTP?

A

Create a 2nd stimulus that is Strong enough to compensate for the weak stimulus and depolarize the postsynaptic cell.

54
Q

What type of long term plasticity uses Ca-Calmodulin kinase and Protein kinase C?

A

LTP

56
Q

High concentrations of Ca2+ inside the postsynaptic terminal of the hippocampus during high frequency presynaptic activation, will lead to what type of response in the postsynaptic membrane?

A

leads to activation of Ca2+/calmodulin kinase and protein kinase C will phosphorylate synaptic proteins (AMPA) and promote their activation/entrance into the postsynaptic membrane. The result is LTP

57
Q

What are the two types of protein kinases activated in LTP?

A

Ca-Calmodulin kinase and Protein kinase C

58
Q

AMPA receptors on the postsynaptic membrane are activated and placed in the postsynaptic membrane when under the effects of what type of long term plasticity?

A

LTP

59
Q

What must happen to a pre and postsynaptic neuron in order for LTP to take place?

A

Presynaptic terminals must be activated at the same time as Postsynaptic depolarization

60
Q

Trains of high-frequency stimulation of a specific synapse can lead to long lasting increase in synaptic strength this is known as:

A

LTP long term potentiation

61
Q

What type of synaptic plasticity causes a decrease in stimulus strength over a high frequency of activation?

A

Depression

62
Q

In the Aplysia Californica, the classical conditioning of of both the gill and tail stimulus caused what type of results?

A

an increased duration of siphon withdrawal. (greater than either of them stimulated alone)

63
Q

Hippocampal neurons can undergo long term decrease in synaptic efficacy (strength) called:

A

long term depression LTD

64
Q

LTP is induced by the introduction of what type of receptors into the postsynaptic spine?

A

AMPA

65
Q

What type of synaptic plasticity is synapse specific and studied in the CA1?

A

LTP (possibly LDP)

66
Q

What is the name of the accumulation of Ca2+ in the presynpatic membrane following a train of high frequency AP that increase in strength with each fire?

A

Facilitation

67
Q

Depression is a form of short term plasticity that causes what kind of change in synaptic activity?

A

a decrease in synaptic strength, and can occur during high-frequency stimulation

68
Q

Can depression occur during high-frequency stimulation?

A

Yes, it is short term plasticity (its a decrease in str.)

69
Q

expression of LTP in the Ca1 region of the hippocampus depends on what?

A

activation of Ca2+ dependent kinases (Ca-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase)

PHPY 301 (23 decks)

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