Lec 16 - Skill Acquisition, Retention, And Trasnfer Pt.2 Flashcards
What is skill acquisition?
The process of learning and developing a new skill through practice.
What is skill retention?
The ability to retain and recall a learned skill after a period of time.
What is skill transfer?
The application of a skill learned in one context to a new or different context.
What is specificity of practice?
Tailoring practice to closely replicate the demands and context of the target skill.
Example: Practicing under noisy, game-like conditions.
What are Fitts’ stages of learning?
Cognitive: Understanding the task, frequent errors, high mental effort.
Fixation: Refining movements, reduced errors, smoother performance.
Autonomous: Automatic and efficient performance, requiring minimal attention.
What are Bernstein’s stages of learning?
Reduce Degrees of Freedom: Simplify movements by freezing unnecessary body parts.
Release Degrees of Freedom: Add flexibility and fluidity for better performance.
Exploit Passive Dynamics: Use natural forces like gravity and momentum for efficiency.
What is forgetting in skill retention?
Gradual decline in performance over time, especially for discrete cognitive tasks.
What is warm-up decrement?
A temporary performance dip after inactivity, caused by the loss of psychological ‘set.’
What is a ‘set’ in skill performance?
A collection of psychological factors like attention, posture, and focus that optimize performance.
What is part practice?
Breaking a complex skill into smaller parts to practice separately.
Useful for long, serial skills (e.g., dance routines).
What is whole practice?
Practicing a skill in its entirety.
Necessary for interconnected skills (e.g., swimming, throwing a ball).
What is progressive part practice?
Gradually combining skill components into larger units until the full skill is practiced as a whole.
What is a simulator?
A device replicating real-world tasks for safe, controlled practice.
What are physical fidelity and psychological fidelity in simulators?
Physical Fidelity: How closely the simulator replicates the physical task.
Psychological Fidelity: How well it replicates the cognitive and perceptual demands.
How does similarity influence skill transfer?
Skills transfer more effectively when tasks share similar movement patterns, perceptual demands, or strategies.
Example: Hockey swing mechanics transferring to golf.
What are the limitations of skill transfer?
Transfer decreases as skill proficiency increases, as advanced skills become highly task-specific.
What is the difference between part and whole practice?
Part Practice: Useful for skills with low interaction between parts (e.g., typing).
Whole Practice: Necessary for skills where parts are interconnected (e.g., swimming).
Why are simulators valuable for training?
They provide a safe, cost-effective way to practice tasks that may be dangerous, expensive, or inaccessible in real life.
Why is specificity critical in practice design?
Skills learned in one context may not transfer well unless practice matches the real-world environment of the skill.
How can progressive part practice improve skill acquisition?
It manages complexity by breaking down skills, then integrating components into a seamless whole.
