6: Sensory Contributions to Skilled Performance (Part 1) Flashcards
What is exteroception?
Sensory information from the external environment, primarily through vision, audition, touch, smell, and taste.
What is proprioception?
Sensory information about the body’s internal state, such as position, movement, and orientation, coming from muscles, joints, and other internal sensors.
What is the role of the vestibular apparatus?
Located in the inner ear, it detects balance, posture, and head movements by sensing fluid shifts in its chambers.
What do muscle spindles sense?
They detect changes in muscle length and provide information about the velocity and extent of muscle stretch.
What do Golgi tendon organs sense?
They detect muscle tension at the muscle-tendon junction, firing when force is exerted on the tendon.
How does active movement differ from passive movement?
Active movement is self-initiated and provides rich sensory feedback, while passive movement is externally driven, offering limited feedback.
What is a closed-loop control system?
A feedback-based system where sensory input detects errors, and adjustments are made to achieve the desired movement goal.
What is the role of an efference copy?
It is a copy of the motor command sent to the brain to predict the sensory feedback from self-generated movements, distinguishing them from external stimuli.
Why can’t we tickle ourselves?
The efference copy predicts the sensory feedback of self-tickling, allowing the brain to cancel out the sensation.
What is the limitation of closed-loop control for rapid movements?
Detecting errors and making corrections takes time (100-150ms), making it unsuitable for fast, ballistic actions.
What is the analogy for closed-loop control?
A thermostat-controlled heating system where feedback (temperature) adjusts the system (heater) to maintain a set point.
What are double deflections in rapid movements?
Brief delays in corrective responses indicating that part of the movement is pre-planned and ballistic.
