Lec 1 Intro to ID Rybakov (on slide 29) Flashcards
hallmark of infection
fever
a fever is considered > ___ C or > ___ F
> 38 C
100.4 F
a drug-induced fever is considered a false-______
a. negative
b. positive
b. positive
absence of fever in pts with signs/sx of infection
a. false-negative
b. false-positive
a. false-negative
3 examples of antipyretics (slide 6)
acetaminophen, NSAIDs, aspirin
4 criteria for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
- HR > 90 bpm
- RR > 20 rpm
- fever > 38 C or < 36 C
- inc/dec WBC count (> 12000 or < 4000 or > 10% bands)
at least ___ criteria out of ___ need to be met for SIRS?
at least 2 criteria out of 4
difference between signs and symptoms
signs is what we see (vitals, inc/dec WBC count), symptoms is what the pt is telling you (chills, etc)
signs and symptoms of infection may be absent in _______ patients
neutropenic
5 types of WBCs
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
two bolded non-infectious causes of infection: lab test (slide 9)
steroids, leukemia
-most common WBC
-fight infections
a. mature neutrophils
b. immature neutrophils (bands)
c. eosinophils
d. basophils
e. lymphocytes
f. monocytes
a. mature neutrophils
increases during infection = “left shift”
a. mature neutrophils
b. immature neutrophils (bands)
c. eosinophils
d. basophils
e. lymphocytes
f. monocytes
b. immature neutrophils (bands)
involved in allergic rxns and immune response to parasites
a. mature neutrophils
b. immature neutrophils (bands)
c. eosinophils
d. basophils
e. lymphocytes
f. monocytes
c. eosinophils
associated with hypersensitivity rxns
a. mature neutrophils
b. immature neutrophils (bands)
c. eosinophils
d. basophils
e. lymphocytes
f. monocytes
d. basophils
humoral (B-cell) and cell-mediated (T-cell) immunity
a. mature neutrophils
b. immature neutrophils (bands)
c. eosinophils
d. basophils
e. lymphocytes
f. monocytes
e. lymphocytes
-mature into macrophages
-serve as scavengers for foreign substances
a. mature neutrophils
b. immature neutrophils (bands)
c. eosinophils
d. basophils
e. lymphocytes
f. monocytes
f. monocytes
-increased neutrophils +/- bands
-associated with bacterial infections
a. leukocytosis
b. lymphocytosis
a. leukocytosis
-associated with viral, fungal, or tuberculosis infections
-inc in B and T cells
a. leukocytosis
b. lymphocytosis
b. lymphocytosis
risk of infection _______ as ANC ______
a. inc; inc
b. inc; dec
c. dec; inc
d. dec; dec
b. inc; dec
T or F: ESR and CRP are always elevated if there is an infection present
F (does NOT confirm infection)
normal ESR range in males and females
0-15 (males)
0-20 (females)
normal CRP range
0-0.5
which acute phase reactant is more specific for bacterial infections than ESR and CRP?
procalcitonin
procalcitonin elevation < 0.25
a. low risk of infection
b. antibiotics should be continued
a. low risk of infection
procalcitonin elevation > 0.5
a. low risk of infection
b. antibiotics should be continued
b. antibiotics should be continued
how often should serial calcitonin measurements be taken?
every 1-2 days
T or F: the type of culture collected for identifying a pathogen depends on the site of infection
T
blood cultures are obtained from ___ peripheral sites as ___ sets
2; 2
what is 1 set of blood cultures?
1 aerobic and 1 anaerobic bottle
A potentially pathogenic organism is present at the body site but is not invading host tissue or
eliciting a host immune response
a. colonization
b. infection
a. colonization (no signs or sx of infection)
ex. Isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a sputum culture in a patient with a chronic tracheostomy but no couch, fever, leukocytosis, or infiltrate on chest X-ray
a. colonization
b. infection
a. colonization
ex. Isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the sputum of a patient with fever, leukocytosis, shortness of breath, cough, increased sputum production, and evidence of consolidation on chest X-ray
a. colonization
b. infection
b. infection
identification of pathogens via cultures: Retrieve cultures from body and send to micro lab
a. minutes to hours
b. 24-48+ hours
c. 48-72+ hours
a. minutes to hours
identification of pathogens via cultures: Plate the organism, await growth, Gram-stain growing organisms
a. minutes to hours
b. 24-48+ hours
c. 48-72+ hours
b. 24-48+ hours
identification of pathogens via cultures: identification and susceptibility testing
a. minutes to hours
b. 24-48+ hours
c. 48-72+ hours
c. 48-72+ hours
Lowest antimicrobial concentration that prevents visible growth
MIC (minimum inhibitory conc)
gold standard for MIC testing
broth dilution
