Learning theory/Behaviorism

Question 1

Learning theory is a theoretical orientation that conceptualizes the social environment in terns of “?”, its preceding “?”, and its subsequent “?”.

Answer 1

behavior
events
consequences

Question 2

Learning theory emphasizes the social “/” of people within their “/”

Answer 2

functioning

environments

Question 3

Social learning theory:

people learn by “?” or”/”

Answer 3

People learn by imitation or observation

Question 4

Social learning theory:

people are more likely to imitate a person that they feel is “?3” or if the model is rewarded.

Answer 4

popular, smart, or talented

Question 5

When a person learns to respond to a new stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response:

Answer 5

respondent conditioning (classical/pavlovian)

Question 6

A procedure in which a person with a phobia practices relaxation while imagining scenes of the fear-producing stimulus:

Answer 6

systematic desensitization

Question 7

The learning of behavior by observing another individual engaging in that behavior:

Answer 7

modeling (observational learning)

Question 8

Practicing behavior through a trial run in preparation for a later situation in which some goal is to be achieved:

Answer 8

role playing

Question 9

A type of learning in which behaviors are influenced primarily by the consequences that follow them:

Answer 9

Operant conditioning

Question 10

ABCs of behavior:

Answer 10

Antecedents
Behavior
Consequences

Question 11

A procedure or consequence that INCREASES the frequency of the behavior immediately preceding it:

Answer 11

Reinforcement

Question 12

positive events or consequences that follow a behavior and strengthen it:

Answer 12

Positive reinforcement

Question 13

A response or behavior (wearing seat belt) is strengthened by stopping, removing or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus (seat belt buzzer).

Answer 13

Negative reinforcement

嫌な出来事(negative　reinforcement）を止めるためにある行動をとることが増える

Question 14

A consequence that was previously provided no longer follows the response:

Answer 14

extinction (今まで与えていたpositive　reinforcementを止める）

Question 15

a consequence that decreases the future chances of the behavior that it follows:

Answer 15

punishment (to give adverse consequences/withdrawing positive reinforcement)

Question 16

When reinforcement is initially stopped, a brief increase in the frequency or intensity of the behavior may occur:

Answer 16

extinction burst

Question 17

2 Types of positive reinforcers:

Answer 17

Primary reinforcers (has rewards in itself)
Secondary reinforcers (values are learned through association)

Question 18

4 major types of secondary reinforcers

1. specific objects or substances

Answer 18

Material reinforcers (money)

Question 19

4 major types of secondary reinforcers

2. tangible events whose value has been learned

Answer 19

activities

Question 20

4 major types of secondary reinforcers

3. words and gestures used to indicate caring and concern toward another person

Answer 20

social reinforcers (praises)

Question 21

4 major types of secondary reinforcers

4. Symbolic objects reflecting specific units of value that an individual can exchange for some other commodity.

Answer 21

Tokens

Question 22

To reinforce positive behavior every time it occurs:

Answer 22

continuous reinforcement

Question 23

Behavior is not reinforced every time it is performed, but is reinforced only occasionally:

Answer 23

intermittent reinforcement

Question 24

The reinforcement of successive approximations - small steps of progress made toward the final desired behavior:

Answer 24

shaping

Question 25

Potential negative consequences of punishment:

1. punishment tends to elicit a “?”

Answer 25

negative emotional response

Question 26

Potential negative consequences of punishment:

2. it could lead to “?” of punishing person/punitive situation.

Answer 26

avoidance

Question 27

Potential negative consequences of punishment:

3. it can teach children to be”?”

Answer 27

aggressive

Question 28

Potential negative consequences of punishment:

4. it could “?” the child

Answer 28

physically harm

Question 29

Potential negative consequences of punishment:

5. It teaches what they “?” do but gives them no indication as to what they “?” do

Answer 29

should not do

should do

Question 30

Nature of punishment:

if the behavior doesn’t decrease almost immediately, there is a good possibility that “/”

Answer 30

it never will.

Question 31

Nature of punishment:

the effects frequently do not “?v”

Answer 31

last

Question 32

Nature of punishment:

its effects are limited to the “?” under which the punishment occurred.

Answer 32

conditions

Question 33

Recommendations for Punishment:

1. intervention should be administered “/”

Answer 33

as soon as possible after the behavior

Question 34

Recommendations for Punishment

2. administer the punishing consequences “?”

Answer 34

every time the behavior occurs

Question 35

Recommendations for Punishment

3. reinforce “?” at the same time of punishment

Answer 35

positive behavior

Question 36

Recommendations for Punishment

4. Remain “?” when administering punishment

Answer 36

calm

Question 37

Reinforcement and punishment affect behavior without conscious planning:

Answer 37

Accidental training

Question 38

A behavior must be clearly and concisely defined:

Answer 38

specificity (too passive = too abstract)

Question 39

Behavior must be “?” in order to measure if it has improved.

Answer 39

observable - it must be clear when the behavior occurs and when it does not.

Question 40

frequency of behavior prior to behavior management program:

Answer 40

baseline

Question 41

a place to note each time a behavior occurs:

Answer 41

behavior check list

Question 42

The process in which the receiver of a communication pays close attention to what the sender is saying, and subsequently reflects back what was heard to make sure the message was understood:

Answer 42

active listening

Question 43

Timeout:

Remove a child from “?” for a period of time.

Answer 43

reinforcers

Question 44

Improving effectiveness of time-outs:

A time-out should be applied “?”

Answer 44

immediately after the behavior

Question 45

Improving effectiveness of time-outs:

Time-outs should be applied “adv?”

Answer 45

consistently

Question 46

Improving effectiveness of time-outs:

Time-outs should usually extend from “?” minutes.

Answer 46

1-10 minutes.

Question 47

Improving effectiveness of time-outs:

Time-outs should take place in a very “?” place.

Answer 47

boring

Question 48

Improving effectiveness of time-outs:

Parents should be careful not to give the child”?”

Answer 48

attention (=positive reinforcement)

Question 49

Improving effectiveness of time-outs:

A child should be told ahead of time exactly “?”

Answer 49

which behaviors will result in a time-out

Question 50

Improving effectiveness of time-outs:

When physically restraining, “?”

Answer 50

no emotions shown

Question 51

Improving effectiveness of time-outs:

“?” should be used for the appropriate behaviors

Answer 51

positive reinforcement