Learning Objectives 7: Digestive System Flashcards
Identify and describe the organs of the digestive system.
Oral Cavity
the part of the mouth behind the gums and teeth that is bounded above by the hard and soft palates and below by the tongue and by the mucous membrane connecting it with the inner part of the mandible
Superior to the other structures of the digestive system
Salivary Glands
any of various glands that discharge a fluid secretion and especially saliva (a substance that breaks down starches) into the mouth cavity
various locations; sublinguals are inferior to the tongue, Submandibular glands are inferior to the sublingual salivary glands, and the parotid glands are posterior to the oral cavity.
Pharynx
the muscular tubular passage of the digestive and respiratory tracts extending from the back of the nasal cavity and mouth to the esophagus
superior to the esophagus
Esophagus
a muscular tube that conveys food from the mouth to the stomach
inferior to the pharynx, superior to the stomach
Stomach
a saclike expansion of the digestive tract that stores, breaks down, and digests food
inferior to the esophagus and liver, superior to the pancreas, colon, and small intestine
Duodenum
the first part of the small intestine
lateral and inferior to the stomach
Liver
a large very vascular glandular organ of vertebrates that secretes bile and causes important changes in many of the substances contained in the blood
Gallbladder
: a membranous muscular sac in which bile from the liver is stored
inferior to the liver
pancreas
a large lobulated gland of vertebrates that secretes digestive enzymes and the hormones insulin and glucagon
inferior to the stomach
small intestine
the narrow part of the intestine that lies between the stomach and colon, consists of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, secretes digestive enzymes, and is the chief site of the digestion of food into small molecules which are absorbed into the body
medial to the colon
cecum
the blind pouch at the beginning of the large intestine into which the ileum opens from one side and which is continuous with the colon
inferior to the ascending colon
appendix
a narrow blind tube that extends from the cecum in the lower right-hand part of the abdomen
inferior to the cecum
ascending colon
The part of the colon that moves upwards and is located on the right side of the body
superior to the cecum, lateral to the small intestine
transverse colon
the part of the colon that moves across the body from the right to left sides of the body
superior to the small intestine, inferior to the stomach
descending colon
the part of the colon located on the left side of the body that moves downward towards the sigmoid colon
superior to the rectum, lateral to the small intestine
sigmoid colon
the contracted and crooked part of the colon immediately above the rectum
superior to the rectum
rectum
the terminal part of the intestine from the sigmoid colon to the anus
inferior to the sigmoid colon
What are the first, second, and third parts of the small intestine?
First: duodenum
Second: Jejunum
Third: Ileum
What is the peritoneum? What is the difference between parietal and visceral peritoneum? What are the similarities and differences between pleura and peritoneum?
Peritoneum: the membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity and viscera
Parietal=the part of the peritoneum lining the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity
visceral= the part of the peritoneum lining the organs within the abdominopelvic cavity
Like the pleura, the peritoneum is a membrane with a visceral and parietal side and a cavity. Their difference is in which organs they are associated with, the pleura lines the lungs and the peritoneum lines the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity
What is bile? Where is it produced? Where is it stored? What is its digestive function?
bile is a digestive fluid created in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Its purpose is to aid digestion by emulsifying fats
What are the two different types of gallstones composed of?
cholesterol stones (excess cholesterol in blood)
pigment stones (excess bilirubin (yellow pigment) in the blood)
What are the 3 possible causes of gallstones?
may be caused by too much cholesterol in the blood
may be caused by too much bilirubin (bile pigment) in the blood
may be caused by the gallbladder not emptying properly
What is bilirubin? How is it produced? How does the body get rid of bilirubin?
bilirubin is a yellow pigment created by the breakdown of red blood cells. It is typically excreted in the feces
What is jaundice? What may possibly cause jaundice?
jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia) is a yellowing of the skin caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood. It may be caused by liver disease causing unprocessed or unmoving bilirubin or a bile duct obstruction
Why would an individual need to have a cholecystectomy?
A cholecystectomy is the removal of the gallbladder. It may be needed in individuals with issues with gallstones or gallbladder cancer
What is ESWL? Why might a patient need this procedure?
ESWL is extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy,; the crushing of stones using sound waves from outside the body
In this procedure a device is used to create shock waves aimed towards the desired area with the intention of crushing gallstones until they are small enough for a patient to pass.
What are the similarities and differences between IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) and IBD (inflamatory bowel disease)?
The similarities of IBS and IBD are that both are caused by inflammation, both cause abdominal pain and can lead to diarrhea, and stomach cramping and bloating are symptoms of both.
The differences are that IBS is more common, usually less serious, has less severe symptoms,is more common, is easier to treat, and is not life-threatening. IBD on the other hand is less common, and more serious, has more severe symptoms, is harder to treat, and can be life-threatening in some cases
What causes IBD?
IBD is most likely caused by an autoimmune attack on the bowels.
What procedure is used to examine the colon?
A colonoscopy: a visual exam of the colon in which a long, flexible tube (colonoscope) is inserted into the rectum. A tiny video camera at the tip of the tube allows the doctor to view the inside of the entire colon.
What procedure is used to examine the upper gastrointestinal tract?
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (upper GI endoscopy)-a visual exam of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
Chron’s disease
Potentially affects the entire GI tract. Encompasses the entire thickness of the bowel. Causes patches on inflammation.
