Learning Objectives 12: Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

What are the axial and appendicular skeletons each composed of?

Answer 1

axial
the bones the lie along the axis of the body (skull, thorax, ribs, spinal column)
axis=imaginary straight line going through the middle of the body
appendicular
bones that are not part of the axial skeleton (upper and lower limbs, shoulder girdle (clavicle/scapula), pelvic bones)

Question 2

Identify the bones of the skeleton

Answer 2

skull
vertebral column
sternum
ribs
sacrum
clavicle
scapula
humerus
ulna
radius
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges (finger)
pelvis
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges (toes)

Question 3

What is the difference between carpals and tarsals?

Answer 3

carpals are in the hand
tarsals are in the foot

Question 4

Identify the bones of the pelvis.

Answer 4

sacrum
ilium
pubis
ischium
pubic symphysis

Question 5

What is the acetabulum? What bones contribute to its structure?

Answer 5

the hip socket where the femur fits into the hip.
the contributing bones are the ilium, pubis, and ischium

Question 6

What is the difference between the ileum and the ilium?

Answer 6

ileum=part of the digestive system, last part of the small intestine
ilium=portion of the hip bone

Question 7

What are the different types of fractures

Answer 7

greenstick
fissured
comminuted
transverse
oblique
spiral

Question 8

What is the difference between a tendon and a ligament?

Answer 8

ligaments connect two bones together
tendons connect muscle to bone

Question 9

What is fascia? What is its function? What are the two different types of fascia? How are they structurally and functionally different?

Answer 9

fascia is the body’s connective tissue framework. It functions to surround,separate and support the internal structures. The two types are superficial and deep
superficial=the hypodermis, the tissue that sits on top of the muscle made of mostly adipose tissue and fat, and works to protect tissues and prevent heat loss
deep= inelastic, dense fibrous connective tissue with no fat that surrounds muscles, blood vessels, bones, and nerves.

Question 10

What are three common abnormal curvatures of the spine? What might cause each of them?

Answer 10

scoliosis-lateral curvature
causes-usually idiopathic, may be congenital or due to trauma or disease of the bone
kyphosis-hunchback curvature
causes-discs in vertebrae shrinking (may develop with age), postural, osteoporosis
lordosis-swayback
causes-poor posture, osteoporosis, obesity

Question 11

What is ALS? Why is there muscle atrophy with ALS? What type of neurons degenerate in ALS?

Answer 11

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
pertaining to muscle development/nourishment pertaining to the side abnormal hardening
a neurodegenerative disease in which the motor neurons innervating the skeletal muscle degenerate
ALS affected neurons shrink, and are unable to control muscles, when muscles no longer work they begin to atrophy

Question 12

Identify bones of skeleton

Question 13

draw the types of fractures

Question 14

Identify types of fascia in images