learning lec 3 Flashcards
superstitious behaviour reffered by ___ as ___
B.F. Skinner
adventitious reinforcement
supersitious behaviour occurs when ___
behavaiour ( that has no effect on appearance of reinforcer) is performed prior to the reinforcer
how does supersitious behaviour emerge
the reinforcement mechanism ‘selects’ the behaviour although it has nothing to do with the reinforcer appearing
- temporal proximity (causality irrelevant)
temporal proximity => causality irrelevant
___ could explain the origin of some religious beliefs
supersitious behaviour
superstitious behaviour seems to maintain ____ in ___
beliefs in superstitiuos ideologies
how are religious beliefs enhanced by superstitious behaviour
altered, propagated by verba behaviour
Tolman and Honsik concluded that =
experiment =
reinforcement is not necessary for the learning of a new response but necessary for the application/performance of the response
experiment = rats that did not receive food still learned the maze
what acts as a reinforer for rats
1) food
2) exploring new places => development of stimulus-control by maze features even when food is not involved
McNamara Long and Wike supported =
that learning can occur without “explicit” reinforcement and some similar results have been found in classical conditioning experiments
what does invoking the expectancies do?
it does not explain the phenomena but it shifts the causes of behaviour to an expectation
define
expectation=
expectancies=
unobervable and hypothetical entity
expectancies = events such as neurological phenomena
this type of concept is problematic as of its status as a hypothetical construct and the challenges of establishing a scientific definition of the construct.
cognitive reinterpretations of respondant and operant conditioing =
3 steps
1) lose precision
2) we complicate the analysis
3) doesn’t improve our ability to predict and change behaviour
1) lose precision
1 of 3 cognitive reinterpretations of respondant and operant conditioning
= invokes expectancies which does not explain the phenomena but shifts the causes of behaviour to an expectation
In order to make predictions about behaviour or change behaviour =
we must return to the environmental variables that were ultimately responsible for our “expectancies” and resulting behaviour
relationship between memory and behavioural theory
concept of memory is “baked” into behavioural theory
memory is essential since = performance is evaluated after an event/intervention has occurred
in a sense all learning is latent learning = since the brain is changed by an event and the changes may be revealed in subsequent performances
how do behavioural psychologists study the lay of motion?
lay of notion of memory by examining.
e.g the influence of time and intervening events on subsequent performances
pros/cons of information storage =
behavioural psychologists are wary of ‘information storage’ analogies as these do not appear to be accurate representations of how the brain works
what must we do before proposing a separate mechanism is responsible for this behaviour=
evaluate the degree to which basic learning mechanisms can explain this behaviour
____ are responsible for basic scientific inquiry
Parsimony principle and Occam’s razor
___ appears to account for most of obervational learning
generalised limitation
imitation of others is reinforcd by
social influences and
naturally occuring outcomes of imitation
define superstition=
behaviour that is accidently reinforced is still reinforced behaviour
“other types” of learning are =
often the cumulative effects of respondent and operant learning
what happens if we don’t take the complex history of reinforcement into account=
it is tempting to attribute the learning to other processes
