learning lec 3

Question 1

superstitious behaviour reffered by ___ as ___

Answer 1

B.F. Skinner

adventitious reinforcement

Question 2

supersitious behaviour occurs when ___

Answer 2

behavaiour ( that has no effect on appearance of reinforcer) is performed prior to the reinforcer

Question 3

how does supersitious behaviour emerge

Answer 3

the reinforcement mechanism ‘selects’ the behaviour although it has nothing to do with the reinforcer appearing

• temporal proximity (causality irrelevant)

temporal proximity => causality irrelevant

Question 4

___ could explain the origin of some religious beliefs

Answer 4

supersitious behaviour

Question 5

superstitious behaviour seems to maintain ____ in ___

Answer 5

beliefs in superstitiuos ideologies

Question 6

how are religious beliefs enhanced by superstitious behaviour

Answer 6

altered, propagated by verba behaviour

Question 7

Tolman and Honsik concluded that =

experiment =

Answer 7

reinforcement is not necessary for the learning of a new response but necessary for the application/performance of the response

experiment = rats that did not receive food still learned the maze

Question 8

what acts as a reinforer for rats

Answer 8

1) food

2) exploring new places => development of stimulus-control by maze features even when food is not involved

Question 9

McNamara Long and Wike supported =

Answer 9

that learning can occur without “explicit” reinforcement and some similar results have been found in classical conditioning experiments

Question 10

what does invoking the expectancies do?

Answer 10

it does not explain the phenomena but it shifts the causes of behaviour to an expectation

Question 11

define
expectation=
expectancies=

Answer 11

unobervable and hypothetical entity

expectancies = events such as neurological phenomena

this type of concept is problematic as of its status as a hypothetical construct and the challenges of establishing a scientific definition of the construct.

Question 12

cognitive reinterpretations of respondant and operant conditioing =

Answer 12

3 steps

1) lose precision
2) we complicate the analysis
3) doesn’t improve our ability to predict and change behaviour

Question 13

1) lose precision

Answer 13

1 of 3 cognitive reinterpretations of respondant and operant conditioning

= invokes expectancies which does not explain the phenomena but shifts the causes of behaviour to an expectation

Question 14

In order to make predictions about behaviour or change behaviour =

Answer 14

we must return to the environmental variables that were ultimately responsible for our “expectancies” and resulting behaviour

Question 15

relationship between memory and behavioural theory

Answer 15

concept of memory is “baked” into behavioural theory

memory is essential since = performance is evaluated after an event/intervention has occurred

in a sense all learning is latent learning = since the brain is changed by an event and the changes may be revealed in subsequent performances

Question 16

how do behavioural psychologists study the lay of motion?

Answer 16

lay of notion of memory by examining.

e.g the influence of time and intervening events on subsequent performances

Question 17

pros/cons of information storage =

Answer 17

behavioural psychologists are wary of ‘information storage’ analogies as these do not appear to be accurate representations of how the brain works

Question 18

what must we do before proposing a separate mechanism is responsible for this behaviour=

Answer 18

evaluate the degree to which basic learning mechanisms can explain this behaviour

Question 19

____ are responsible for basic scientific inquiry

Answer 19

Parsimony principle and Occam’s razor

Question 20

___ appears to account for most of obervational learning

Answer 20

generalised limitation

Question 21

imitation of others is reinforcd by

Answer 21

social influences and

naturally occuring outcomes of imitation

Question 22

define superstition=

Answer 22

behaviour that is accidently reinforced is still reinforced behaviour

Question 23

“other types” of learning are =

Answer 23

often the cumulative effects of respondent and operant learning

Question 24

what happens if we don’t take the complex history of reinforcement into account=

Answer 24

it is tempting to attribute the learning to other processes