Done applied psych Flashcards
Units of language
Phoneme> morpheme > word> phrase> sentence
examle of
talked
phoneme
morpheme
word
phoneme tok - t
morpheme talk-ed
word = talked
__ phoemes in english
46
cross linguistic average of __ phoemes
25
some languages use
tones (tonemes)
durations (chronemes)
all 3 = tonemes, chronemes, phoneme
define
morpheme
smallest part of speech with meaning = abstract concept
not syllable or word
categorise language
cat
cats
unhelpful
mice
cat
1 phoneme
1 morpheme
1 word
cats
2 morphemes
1 phoneme/ syllable
1 word
unhelpful
3 mophemes
3 phonemes/syllables
1 word
mice
2 morphemes
2 phoneme
1 word
__ views on child language
2
1=organism/nativist (nature)
2=environmental learning (nurture)
define
nature view
1 of 2 views of child languages
organism/nativist
a = hardware = biology
b= softwaare = cognition
LAD and the innateness hypothesis (Chomsky)
Universal Grammar and “Parameter setting” ( Pinker, the language instinct)
define
nurture view
1 of 2 views
environment/learning
a= social interaction
b=environmental events
Language development follows general principle of learning and reinforcement ( Skinner, Verbal behaviour)
define
compromise of social interactionism
social interactionism
= emphasis on social interaction but acknowledges role of biology and stresses the importance of child-directed speech- caretakerese
(Bruner; Berko-Gleason)
Primate language
gua
viki
Winthrop and Luella Kellogg
Gua chimpanzee raised with ^ son
at 16 months gua = understood 100 english words
Gua didn’t progress any further and could not speak words
Viki = learned about 6 english words
chimpanzees don’t have a vocal apparatus suitable for human speech
Primate language
ASL
washoe
koko
Gardner
Washoe
age 5 = 132 signs
2, 3-word sentences
produced novel words
washoe taught adopted daughter ASL when no human presence
Terrace = attempted to replicate ^ work through skinnerian reinforcement contingencies
koko
could understand 2000 spoken words
could sign 500 words in GSL
could string upto 7 words to form a sentence
able to express emotions and understand abstract concepts like pregnancy and death
IQ 70-75
GSL =
gorilla sign language
Kanzi
exposed to yerkish keyboard from 6 months
was not interested in yerkish keyboard but mother was trained to
kanzi attempted to imitate human speech in terms of pitch and intonation
started to use keyboard spontaneously when weaned from mum
immediate comprehension of skills that were taught to ither chimps.
used symbols to request thins
Alex
parrot
irene pepperberg
vocab = 150 words recognised quantities up to 6 distinguish 7 colours 5 shapes understand concepts of bigger, smaller, same, diff, over, under
noam chomsky
atempting to teach linguistic skills to animals is like trying to teach humans to flap their arms and fly
stephen pinker
in my mind this kind of research is more analogous to the bears of the moscow circus who are trained to ride unicycles
daniel willingham
the main question has been answered: apes cannot learn language or much of anything like language
conclusions
achieved vocabs 300+ words
produced novel words and sentences
expressed ideas about past, future
in some cases taught their siblings and children language (ASL or Yerkish)
applied cog psych define and _
= application of knowledge and methods about human cognitive capabilities and limitations to the design of tools, procedures, and systems in everyday life
3
1= human factors psychology
2=cognitive ergonomics
3=engineering psychology
advertising psychology
exposed to as many as 3,500 ads per day
brand loyalty established = 2yr olds
most effective ads work without you being aware of having seen them
advertisers rely heavily on psychological principles to design their campaigns
Walter Dill Scott=
student of Wilhelm wundt
theory of advertising
the psychology of advertising
Stanley B. Resor=
“laws” of human behaviour and use of scientific investigation
greatest copywriter in their generation
Helen Bayless Lansdowne Resor
___ and ___ images grab our attention __
novelty
motion in
automatically
techniques to enhance memorability
6
jingles slogans taglines logos story schemas repetition
HEM =
hedonic emotional model
= transformational ads associate the product with affective characteristics and increase emotional involvement with the product
affective association works implicitly via =
classical conditioning
The (Mere( exposure effect=
familiarity leads to liking a product
product placement =
getting brand/product into public eye no explicit message
extremely popular even though traditional measures of success (recall tests) show weak or mixed results
forensic psychology =types
4 types
1=detection of deception
2= eyewitness identification
3= jury decision-making
4= interview techniques and offender profiling
forensic psychology roles =
4
1= clinical 2= advisory 3= actuarial 4= experimental
define clinical
assessments of ability, capacity, treatibility, rehabilitation in prison etc
define experimental
conducting psychological research with implication for the law- eyewitness memory, jury decision-making etc
define actuarial
evaluating evidence, archival research to determine the liklihood of some occurrence (like CS) may involve being an expert witness
define advisory
assisting in jury selection, lawyer selection, offender profilinf, interviewing, etc
Jury decision-making
recency effects in the order of evidence presentation
e.g guilt increased after each prosecution presentation
decreased after each defense presentation
schema effects in jury deliberation=
jurors organise and interpret trial evidence to fit narrative or story schema
evidence presented witness by witness or chronologically (event-based)
chronological sequence more likely to produce verdicts consistent with the story schema
consumer product design
user interface design, operability and usability
error-free and instruction-free designs
accessible for disabled users
aesthetics and Hedonomics
sports psychology=
perception and attention
expertise and automaticity proceduralisation of motor performance
representation of domain knowledge
decision making (athletes, judges)
transport psychology =
3
1= interested in applied cognition
2=significant effects on quality of life
3= significant public health issue
35% of all preventable deaths in nz
no. 1 cause of death in nz under 35yrs
