Done cognition lec 1

Question 1

4th school of experimental psychology

Answer 1

cognitive psychology

Question 2

define

cognition

Answer 2

the act of perceiving, thinking, talking about, memorising, understanding and the act of using these processes.

Question 3

_ assumptions of modern cognitive psychology

Answer 3

3
1 mental processes can be studied scientifically
2 humans are intentional, active information processors
3 mental processes take time, have resource and structural limitations

Question 4

define

1. Mental processes can be studied scientifically

Answer 4

cognitive psychologists used objective methods to collect facts, and create principles and laws

Question 5

define

2. Humans are intentional, active information processors

Answer 5

Humans look for meaning in the world using their knowledge and experience

Question 6

define

3. mental processes take time, have resource and structural limitations

Answer 6

speed and accuracy are key objective measures of mental processes

Question 7

key objective measures of mental processes

Answer 7

speed

accuracy

Question 8

function
attention

Answer 8

transfers information into conscious awareness

selective: can focus exclusiely on one thing but automatically shfifts focus to important things

Question 9

The cocktail party effect =
describe

non-shadowed information=

Answer 9

E.Colin Cherry

shadowing tasks
dichotic litening

reject unimportant infor.

non-shadowed infor = was rejected

Question 10

Herman Ebbinghaus =

found that

Answer 10

the curve of forgetting
3
meaningfulness effect = nonsense syllables

digit span = no. of syllables remembered without error = 7

distributed practise effect = study bit a few days = better for retention

Question 11

Cherry’s participants =

Answer 11

detect some things in non-shadowed channel (automatically)

automatic “read out” of echoic memory = 2 messages simultaneously = particpants can pick up parts of messages of each

Question 12

Brown-peterson task =

Answer 12

presented nonsense syllable and told to remember

rehearsal in working memory = without inteferingm could repeat and rehearse maintaining the infor as long as desired

Question 13

__ store model of memory

parts

Answer 13

3

sequential series of processing stages

sensory register
short-term/working memory
long-term memory

Question 14

define

sensory register

Answer 14

large capacity
very brieft storage point

information enters through here

Question 15

what’s after the sensory register

Answer 15

form of memory

information is selecred for further processing via the process of attention

Question 16

short-term memory function =

Answer 16

aka working memory=

is where we first become aware of information and can think about it

we can begin to use the information and decide what it means through the process of encoding

Question 17

define

long-term memory=

Answer 17

large capacity, very organised

information is stored for further use and retrieved when needed

Question 18

george sperling =

Answer 18

noticed that our perception of a visual image lasts longer than the actual image = argued that there must be a visual sensory memory

concluded that there is a visual sensory memory

Question 19

echoic memory

Answer 19

an auditory sensory memory

3-eared man procedure

Question 20

_ 3-eared man procedure =

Answer 20

present 3 stimuli to left, right and both ears ( middle ear)

visual recall indicating left, right or middle stimulus

Question 21

partial report technique

Answer 21

sperling

try to measure how much of the information was in the sensory registry before it faded away.

Question 22

selective attention

Answer 22

both voluntary and autonomic components

2 processes
top-down
bottom-up

Question 23

define top-down process

Answer 23

voluntary component of selective attention

person’s intentions and expectations

Question 24

define bottom-up process =

Answer 24

automatic process of selective attention

directed by stimuli in the world and catch our attention

Question 25

automaticity =

Answer 25

occur rapidly without intention awareness effort

Question 26

what did Sperling conclude=

Answer 26

that there is a visual sensory memory

Question 27

iconic memory infor

Answer 27

it holds everything it lasts 250 msec purpose = to help us smooth out the world and to keep things for longe enough for the process of attention

Question 28

we have sensory registers for =

Answer 28

for all our senses

Question 29

define | stroop effect=

Answer 29

the automatic task interfers with ability to perform non-automatic tasks

Question 30

state whether following for automatic or voluntary top-down loss of cognitive processes reading words bottom-up attention

Answer 30

top-down attention = voluntary loss of cognitive processes = automatic reading words = automatic bottom-up attention= automatic

Question 31

define rapid

Answer 31

less than 1 sec

Question 32

____ leads to proceduralism

Answer 32

highly practised routes

Question 33

define attention pros/cons

Answer 33

limted capacity resource | cons= you can overload the system's capacity

Question 34

Dual task experiments show =

Answer 34

we can perform more than 1 task at a time, up to a point

Question 35

Why don't people know that they have a sensory register=

Answer 35

because it's automatic

Question 36

The only ___ we are aware are in =

Answer 36

memories primary memory/working memory/STM

Question 37

Define | rehearsal

Answer 37

= control process

Question 38

control processes help =

Answer 38

overcome STM's limited capacity

Question 39

__ types of rehearsal =

Answer 39

2 ``` 1= maintenance = repetition 2= elaborative = recoding ``` both types keep infor in STM and help to transfer to LTM where this information gets stored depends on how the information was rehearsed

Question 40

____ depends on how the information was rehearsed (control process)

Answer 40

where the information from the STM is stored and how well it can be retrieved

Question 41

___ is where we first become aware of the information and can think about it

Answer 41

STM

Question 42

we use the process of encoding to =

Answer 42

use information from STM and decide what it means through

Question 43

____'s magical number _

Answer 43

George Miller's 7 what the items are doesn't matter.

Question 44

____'s memory span =

Answer 44

Herman Ebbinghaus's memory span = 7 = the no. of syllables remembered wthout error

Question 45

how much infor. does the primary memory hold=

Answer 45

+ or - 7 items

Question 46

define | elaborative rehearsal

Answer 46

one of the 2 types of rehearsal re-coding an active process to change the information so that it can be remembered recoding & chunking = mnemonics

Question 47

what are mnemonics=

Answer 47

re-coding and chunking

Question 48

how does some information via mnemonics get stored in LTM

Answer 48

some use rhymes

Question 49

without a controlling process the information is =

Answer 49

interfered with by other information

Question 50

__ types of interference

Answer 50

2 ``` 1= proactive old=>new (ON) 2= retroactive new=>old (NO) ```

Question 51

Brown-peterson task =

Answer 51

nonsense syllables couldn't be recalled after 18 sec. of subtration

Question 52

define | Synaesthesia

Answer 52

converting from one sense of modality to another

Question 53

serial position curve

Answer 53

steps = 2 ``` 1= memorise list 2= recall list in order ```

Question 54

serial position curve : Von Restorff effect

Answer 54

unusual/distinctive items remembered better

Question 55

long term memory = full define

Answer 55

a very organised, large capacity memory system where information is stored and retrieved when needed

Question 56

range of memory effects=

Answer 56

6 ``` primacy recency repetition/rehearsal unusual/distinctiveness semantic organisation "false memory" ```

Question 57

memory span experiments vs STM scanning

Answer 57

memory span experiments = + or - 7 items or chunks STM scanning = serial exhaustive search of STM

Question 58

HM suffered from=

Answer 58

2 types of amnesia 1= anterograde 2=retrograde no disruption of STM 7 items evidence for separate implicit and explicit memory systems originally taken as evidence for seprate STM and LTM = physiological dissociation

Question 59

__ types of amnesia

Answer 59

2 ``` 1= anterograde 2= retrograde ```

Question 60

define | anterograde amnesia

Answer 60

1 of 2 types of amnesia unable to remember events shortly after they've happened

Question 61

define | retrograde amnesia

Answer 61

1 of 2 types of amnesia unable to remember memories that occurred up to a few years prior to the operation