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Done cognition lec 1 Flashcards

1
Q

4th school of experimental psychology

A

cognitive psychology

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2
Q

define

cognition

A

the act of perceiving, thinking, talking about, memorising, understanding and the act of using these processes.

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3
Q

_ assumptions of modern cognitive psychology

A

3
1 mental processes can be studied scientifically
2 humans are intentional, active information processors
3 mental processes take time, have resource and structural limitations

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4
Q

define

1. Mental processes can be studied scientifically

A

cognitive psychologists used objective methods to collect facts, and create principles and laws

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5
Q

define

2. Humans are intentional, active information processors

A

Humans look for meaning in the world using their knowledge and experience

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6
Q

define

3. mental processes take time, have resource and structural limitations

A

speed and accuracy are key objective measures of mental processes

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7
Q

key objective measures of mental processes

A

speed

accuracy

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8
Q 
function
attention
A

transfers information into conscious awareness

selective: can focus exclusiely on one thing but automatically shfifts focus to important things

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9
Q

The cocktail party effect =
describe

non-shadowed information=

A

E.Colin Cherry

shadowing tasks
dichotic litening

reject unimportant infor.

non-shadowed infor = was rejected

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10
Q

Herman Ebbinghaus =

found that

A

the curve of forgetting
3
meaningfulness effect = nonsense syllables

digit span = no. of syllables remembered without error = 7

distributed practise effect = study bit a few days = better for retention

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11
Q

Cherry’s participants =

A

detect some things in non-shadowed channel (automatically)

automatic “read out” of echoic memory = 2 messages simultaneously = particpants can pick up parts of messages of each

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12
Q

Brown-peterson task =

A

presented nonsense syllable and told to remember

rehearsal in working memory = without inteferingm could repeat and rehearse maintaining the infor as long as desired

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13
Q

__ store model of memory

parts

A

3

sequential series of processing stages

sensory register
short-term/working memory
long-term memory

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14
Q

define

sensory register

A

large capacity
very brieft storage point

information enters through here

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15
Q

what’s after the sensory register

A

form of memory

information is selecred for further processing via the process of attention

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16
Q

short-term memory function =

A

aka working memory=

is where we first become aware of information and can think about it

we can begin to use the information and decide what it means through the process of encoding

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17
Q

define

long-term memory=

A

large capacity, very organised

information is stored for further use and retrieved when needed

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18
Q

george sperling =

A

noticed that our perception of a visual image lasts longer than the actual image = argued that there must be a visual sensory memory

concluded that there is a visual sensory memory

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19
Q

echoic memory

A

an auditory sensory memory

3-eared man procedure

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20
Q

_ 3-eared man procedure =

A

present 3 stimuli to left, right and both ears ( middle ear)

visual recall indicating left, right or middle stimulus

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21
Q

partial report technique

A

sperling

try to measure how much of the information was in the sensory registry before it faded away.

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22
Q

selective attention

A

both voluntary and autonomic components

2 processes
top-down
bottom-up

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23
Q

define top-down process

A

voluntary component of selective attention

person’s intentions and expectations

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24
Q

define bottom-up process =

A

automatic process of selective attention

directed by stimuli in the world and catch our attention

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25
Q

automaticity =

A

occur rapidly

without
intention
awareness
effort

26
Q

what did Sperling conclude=

A

that there is a visual sensory memory

27
Q

iconic memory infor

A

it holds everything

it lasts 250 msec

purpose = to help us smooth out the world and to keep things for longe enough for the process of attention

28
Q

we have sensory registers for =

A

for all our senses

29
Q

define

stroop effect=

A

the automatic task interfers with ability to perform non-automatic tasks

30
Q

state whether following for automatic or voluntary

top-down
loss of cognitive processes
reading words
bottom-up attention

A

top-down attention = voluntary
loss of cognitive processes = automatic
reading words = automatic
bottom-up attention= automatic

31
Q

define rapid

A

less than 1 sec

32
Q

____ leads to proceduralism

A

highly practised routes

33
Q

define
attention
pros/cons

A

limted capacity resource

cons= you can overload the system’s capacity

34
Q

Dual task experiments show =

A

we can perform more than 1 task at a time, up to a point

35
Q

Why don’t people know that they have a sensory register=

A

because it’s automatic

36
Q

The only ___ we are aware are in =

A

memories

primary memory/working memory/STM

37
Q

Define

rehearsal

A

= control process

38
Q

control processes help =

A

overcome STM’s limited capacity

39
Q

__ types of rehearsal =

A

2

1= maintenance = repetition
2= elaborative = recoding

both types keep infor in STM and help to transfer to LTM
where this information gets stored depends on how the information was rehearsed

40
Q

____ depends on how the information was rehearsed (control process)

A

where the information from the STM is stored and how well it can be retrieved

41
Q

___ is where we first become aware of the information and can think about it

A

STM

42
Q

we use the process of encoding to =

A

use information from STM and decide what it means through

43
Q

____’s magical number _

A

George Miller’s
7

what the items are doesn’t matter.

44
Q

____’s memory span =

A

Herman Ebbinghaus’s memory span = 7 = the no. of syllables remembered wthout error

45
Q

how much infor. does the primary memory hold=

A

+ or - 7 items

46
Q

define

elaborative rehearsal

A

one of the 2 types of rehearsal

re-coding

an active process to change the information so that it can be remembered

recoding & chunking = mnemonics

47
Q

what are mnemonics=

A

re-coding and chunking

48
Q

how does some information via mnemonics get stored in LTM

A

some use rhymes

49
Q

without a controlling process the information is =

A

interfered with by other information

50
Q

__ types of interference

A

2

1= proactive old=>new (ON)
2= retroactive new=>old  (NO)
51
Q

Brown-peterson task =

A

nonsense syllables couldn’t be recalled after 18 sec. of subtration

52
Q

define

Synaesthesia

A

converting from one sense of modality to another

53
Q

serial position curve

A

steps = 2

1= memorise list
2= recall list in order
54
Q

serial position curve : Von Restorff effect

A

unusual/distinctive items remembered better

55
Q

long term memory = full define

A

a very organised, large capacity memory system where information is stored and retrieved when needed

56
Q

range of memory effects=

A

6

primacy
recency
repetition/rehearsal
unusual/distinctiveness
semantic organisation 
"false memory"
57
Q

memory span experiments vs STM scanning

A

memory span experiments = + or - 7 items or chunks

STM scanning = serial exhaustive search of STM

58
Q

HM suffered from=

A

2 types of amnesia

1= anterograde
2=retrograde

no disruption of STM
7 items

evidence for separate implicit and explicit memory systems

originally taken as evidence for seprate STM and LTM = physiological dissociation

59
Q

__ types of amnesia

A

2

1= anterograde
2= retrograde
60
Q

define

anterograde amnesia

A

1 of 2 types of amnesia

unable to remember events shortly after they’ve happened

61
Q

define

retrograde amnesia

A

1 of 2 types of amnesia

unable to remember memories that occurred up to a few years prior to the operation

. (18 decks)

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