Done cognition lec 1 Flashcards
4th school of experimental psychology
cognitive psychology
define
cognition
the act of perceiving, thinking, talking about, memorising, understanding and the act of using these processes.
_ assumptions of modern cognitive psychology
3
1 mental processes can be studied scientifically
2 humans are intentional, active information processors
3 mental processes take time, have resource and structural limitations
define
1. Mental processes can be studied scientifically
cognitive psychologists used objective methods to collect facts, and create principles and laws
define
2. Humans are intentional, active information processors
Humans look for meaning in the world using their knowledge and experience
define
3. mental processes take time, have resource and structural limitations
speed and accuracy are key objective measures of mental processes
key objective measures of mental processes
speed
accuracy
function attention
transfers information into conscious awareness
selective: can focus exclusiely on one thing but automatically shfifts focus to important things
The cocktail party effect =
describe
non-shadowed information=
E.Colin Cherry
shadowing tasks
dichotic litening
reject unimportant infor.
non-shadowed infor = was rejected
Herman Ebbinghaus =
found that
the curve of forgetting
3
meaningfulness effect = nonsense syllables
digit span = no. of syllables remembered without error = 7
distributed practise effect = study bit a few days = better for retention
Cherry’s participants =
detect some things in non-shadowed channel (automatically)
automatic “read out” of echoic memory = 2 messages simultaneously = particpants can pick up parts of messages of each
Brown-peterson task =
presented nonsense syllable and told to remember
rehearsal in working memory = without inteferingm could repeat and rehearse maintaining the infor as long as desired
__ store model of memory
parts
3
sequential series of processing stages
sensory register
short-term/working memory
long-term memory
define
sensory register
large capacity
very brieft storage point
information enters through here
what’s after the sensory register
form of memory
information is selecred for further processing via the process of attention
short-term memory function =
aka working memory=
is where we first become aware of information and can think about it
we can begin to use the information and decide what it means through the process of encoding
define
long-term memory=
large capacity, very organised
information is stored for further use and retrieved when needed
george sperling =
noticed that our perception of a visual image lasts longer than the actual image = argued that there must be a visual sensory memory
concluded that there is a visual sensory memory
echoic memory
an auditory sensory memory
3-eared man procedure
_ 3-eared man procedure =
present 3 stimuli to left, right and both ears ( middle ear)
visual recall indicating left, right or middle stimulus
partial report technique
sperling
try to measure how much of the information was in the sensory registry before it faded away.
selective attention
both voluntary and autonomic components
2 processes
top-down
bottom-up
define top-down process
voluntary component of selective attention
person’s intentions and expectations
define bottom-up process =
automatic process of selective attention
directed by stimuli in the world and catch our attention
automaticity =
occur rapidly
without
intention
awareness
effort
what did Sperling conclude=
that there is a visual sensory memory
iconic memory infor
it holds everything
it lasts 250 msec
purpose = to help us smooth out the world and to keep things for longe enough for the process of attention
we have sensory registers for =
for all our senses
define
stroop effect=
the automatic task interfers with ability to perform non-automatic tasks
state whether following for automatic or voluntary
top-down
loss of cognitive processes
reading words
bottom-up attention
top-down attention = voluntary
loss of cognitive processes = automatic
reading words = automatic
bottom-up attention= automatic
define rapid
less than 1 sec
____ leads to proceduralism
highly practised routes
define
attention
pros/cons
limted capacity resource
cons= you can overload the system’s capacity
Dual task experiments show =
we can perform more than 1 task at a time, up to a point
Why don’t people know that they have a sensory register=
because it’s automatic
The only ___ we are aware are in =
memories
primary memory/working memory/STM
Define
rehearsal
= control process
control processes help =
overcome STM’s limited capacity
__ types of rehearsal =
2
1= maintenance = repetition 2= elaborative = recoding
both types keep infor in STM and help to transfer to LTM
where this information gets stored depends on how the information was rehearsed
____ depends on how the information was rehearsed (control process)
where the information from the STM is stored and how well it can be retrieved
___ is where we first become aware of the information and can think about it
STM
we use the process of encoding to =
use information from STM and decide what it means through
____’s magical number _
George Miller’s
7
what the items are doesn’t matter.
____’s memory span =
Herman Ebbinghaus’s memory span = 7 = the no. of syllables remembered wthout error
how much infor. does the primary memory hold=
+ or - 7 items
define
elaborative rehearsal
one of the 2 types of rehearsal
re-coding
an active process to change the information so that it can be remembered
recoding & chunking = mnemonics
what are mnemonics=
re-coding and chunking
how does some information via mnemonics get stored in LTM
some use rhymes
without a controlling process the information is =
interfered with by other information
__ types of interference
2
1= proactive old=>new (ON) 2= retroactive new=>old (NO)
Brown-peterson task =
nonsense syllables couldn’t be recalled after 18 sec. of subtration
define
Synaesthesia
converting from one sense of modality to another
serial position curve
steps = 2
1= memorise list 2= recall list in order
serial position curve : Von Restorff effect
unusual/distinctive items remembered better
long term memory = full define
a very organised, large capacity memory system where information is stored and retrieved when needed
range of memory effects=
6
primacy recency repetition/rehearsal unusual/distinctiveness semantic organisation "false memory"
memory span experiments vs STM scanning
memory span experiments = + or - 7 items or chunks
STM scanning = serial exhaustive search of STM
HM suffered from=
2 types of amnesia
1= anterograde
2=retrograde
no disruption of STM
7 items
evidence for separate implicit and explicit memory systems
originally taken as evidence for seprate STM and LTM = physiological dissociation
__ types of amnesia
2
1= anterograde 2= retrograde
define
anterograde amnesia
1 of 2 types of amnesia
unable to remember events shortly after they’ve happened
define
retrograde amnesia
1 of 2 types of amnesia
unable to remember memories that occurred up to a few years prior to the operation
