done S & P lec 1 Flashcards
define
sensation
is when stimulation of the environment causes a phy
feeling of ..
the process by which sensory organs gather information about the environment and transmit it to the brain for initial processing
define
perception
process by which the brain
selects, organises and interprets sensory information/sensations
the first psychologist
Wilhelm Wundt
Wilhelm wundt contributed to __
the theory of sense perception
why is the complexity of perception often underapprecaited
because it often occurs effortlessly/ without conscious thought
define
psychology
the science of behaviour and study of the brain
fMRI
functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
what are the methods used to study neuroscience
fMRI,
elcectrophyisology,
computer modelling
what are the 2 questions we ask when studying something?
when does the system fail and why does it fail
what is the S & P pathway ( stimulus to brain)
stimulus (physical energy e.g light) => sensory receptor cells (A in physiology) => brain (perception)
stimulation for vision
___
light
define
visible light
form of EMR = electromagnetic radiation
waves vary in amplitude and wavelength
define
transduction
the process involved in converting stimulation information into neural impulses
define
retina
a layer of tissue found at the back inside surface of the eye
contains
-photoreceptors
-associated neurons
therefore involved in
- absorbs light
- image processing
- sends visual infor to the brain
contains rods and cones ( photoreceptors)
what is the collective function of __ and __ on the retina
the result is
cornea and lens => focus light on the retina
resulting image = inverted and flat
define
accommodation
process in which the lens curvature adjusts to alter visual focus
function pupil
controls the amount of light that enters the eye.
size affects image sharpness (depth of field).
define
iris
2 bands of muscle located on either sides of the pupil.
controls the size of the pupil.
pupil small =
large depth of field =? close objects blury
pupil large =
small depth of field = distant objects = blury
receptors in the eye face
away from light (backwards)
function cone receptor
day vision
colour vision
high visual acitvity
function rod receptor
night vision
monochromatic vision
low vision activity
blind spot aka ___ location
optic disk
hole located in the retina where the nerve bundles connecting the retina pass through
define
fovea aka
central focus point
small region located in the retina that only contains cone receptors
thus acuity is best in foveal region
define
dark adaptation
the process in which the eye becomes more sensitive to light in low illumination
psychophysical methods
methods used to understand perception
psychophysics AKA __ =
2 definitions
physics of the mind
the study of the relationship between the attributes of the physical world and our psychological experiences of them.
the study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and the sensory experiencfes that accompany them.
define
threshold
the point at which a stimulus or change in the value of a stimulus can just be detected by the observer
define
absolute threshold
the minimum amount of physical energy required to detect a stimulus.
absolute threshold is 50% of time
when can we detect stimuli
when our perception of various sensory inputs can only occur when the strength of a stimulus reaches a minimal or threshold level of intensity
JND AKA ___ =
Just Noticeable Difference
difference threshold
The lowest level of stimulation required to sense
a change in stimulation.
The minimum difference between two stimuli
needed to detect the difference 50% of the time.
example of a psychophysical method
changing brightness of a light
method of limits =
is an example of early classical psychophysical method
modern techniques of psychophysical methods
more sophisticated methods to control for observer biases
