done b and N lec 1 Flashcards
define
cognitive mapping
the predictive power of the collective spatial firing of hippocampal neurons - McNaughton
define
topographical
relating to the arrangement /accurate representation of physical features of physical features of an area
define
neuroplasticity
the brain has the capacity to alter its functioning in response to the behaviour it produces.
define
behavioural neuroscience
the relationship between brain activity and behaviour. Both affect each other.
2 types of approached for the mind-body problem
2
1 Dualistic approach => descartes
2 monoistic approach
define
dualistic approach
mind and body aren’t connected.
body => ordinary matter
mind = not made of ordinary matter (spiritual?)
define
monoistic approach
Da vinci
mind are body are connected.
everything in the universe - made of matter and energy
mind - phenomenon - produced from the workings of the nervous system
mind IS the body
The golden age of neuroscience encompased the ___
visualisation of the living brain
methods/processes used to visualise the living brain
2
MRI
fMRI
MRI = studies brain anatomy
functional MRI = studies the brain function
2 types of nervous systems
CNS central
PNS peripheral
CNS
spinal cord
brain
PNS
somatic => voluntary muscles
autonomic => involuntary muscles
2 states of the organism’s NS
sympathetic NS
parasympathetic NS
sympathetic NS = expenditure of energy, fight or flight
parasympathetic NS = conserves energy, relaxation
S = sympathetic P = parasympathetic
salivary glands stimulated _ pupils dilated _ increased respiration _ decreased heart rate _ bronchial passages constricted _ Digestion stimulated _ bladder contracted _
salivary glands stimulated = p pupils dilated = S increased resp = S decreased heart rate = P bronchial passages constricted = P digestion stimulated = P bladder contracted = P
effects of breathing on sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
sympathetic = inhalation
increased heart rate
constricts blood vessels in skin
increased bp
exhalation => para
motor neuron =
efferent eway from the body
sensory neuron=
afferent
define
neuron
the basic elements responsible for carrying sensory information from the environment to the body, storing the information, reaching a decision and controlling muscle activity
define
Glia cells
are collectively the support cells in the NS
function Glia cell
3
1 produces myelin 2 excretion (removes dead neurons) 3 nutrition (transport of nutritious substances)
action potential aka ___ =
electric pulse
relatively slow = 30m/s
withdrawal reflex 2 steps
2
1 the interneuron ( neuron between motor and sensory neuron) excited motor neuron => muscle contracts
2
the muscle contraction => causes the muscle to move away (withdraw) from the pain source
2 types of synapses
2
1 excitatory
2 inhibitory
define
inhibitory synpase
effect __
releases a transmitter substance that inhibits the receiving neuron
EPSP = excitatory postsynaptic potential
define
excitatory synapse
effect _
releases a transmitter substance that excites the receiving neuron
IPSP = inhibotory postsynaptic potential
6 important neurotransmitters
6 1 acetylcholine 2 dopamine 3 seratonin 4 norepinephrine 5 GABA 6 endorphin
aetylcholine
serotonin
dopamine
serotonin = mood, sleep, eating, trasmitting pain and pleasure
dopamine = reward system, voluntary movement regulation
acetylcholine = CNS, PNS, messages to muscles
learning, memory
norepinephrine
neural circuits learning memory wakefulness eating
GABA
major inhibitory neurotransmitter
regulates - arousal, anxiety lvs
Endorphin
natual pain relief
involved - emotional behaviour
2 types of psychoactive drugs..
transmitter agonist
transmitter antagonist
depressants
stimulants
hallucinogens
other
depressants= alcohol, opiate, sedatives
stimulants - nicotine, caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines,
hallucinogens = LSD, PCP, cannabis
other ..
effect of psychoactive drugs = general
addiction
withdrawal = reuptakes.
drug tolerance = needs more than original dose
Transmitter agonist =
enhance action of neurotransmitter
transmitter antagonist =
decrease action of neurotransmitter
Effective psychoactive drugs = specific
for agonistic and antagonistic transmitters
agonists block reuptake => blocks chemical deactivation=> mimics neurotransmitter => sends raw material
antagonist
blocks receptors=> blocks release of transmitters
effects of amphetamine =
drug high
drug tolerance
withdrawal
drug high =amphetamine blocks reuptake and dopamine sends raw material
withdrawal = increased reuptake
