cognition lec 2

Question 1

cognitive psychology

Answer 1

scientific examination of cognitive processes

Question 2

_ assumptions of cognitive psychology

Answer 2

3
1 mental processes can be studied scientifically
2 humans are intentiom active information processors
3 mental processes take time and have resource and structural limtations

Question 3

long-term memory =

Answer 3

a very organised, large capacity memory system

Question 4

_ aspects of long-term memory

Answer 4

2
1 procedural= implicite knowledge, no awareness
2 declarative = explicitly aware of 2 aspects

Question 5

2 groups of declarative long-term memory

Answer 5

episodic = personally experienced events
semantic = world knowledge, language , concepts

Question 6

define

procedural memory

Answer 6

formed as a result of proceduralism.

Question 7

define proceduralism =

Answer 7

the shift from slow, explicit information about procedure to rapid, implicit implementation of open-loop procedure

Question 8

define declarative memory=

Answer 8

= knowing that we are explicitly aware of 2 types of information

1 = episodic
2 semantic

Question 9

define episodic

Answer 9

a type of declarative memory

personally experienced events and memories

can be grouped into 3 hierachical organisations

1 = lifetime periods = living with someone etc, particular job
2= general events = birthdays
3= event specific = images, feelings

Question 10

define

semantic

Answer 10

type of declarative memory

world knowledge, language, concepts

context-independent

Question 11

distinguish between

childhood amnesia
reminiscence bump
retention function

Answer 11

childhood amnesia = almost total lack of memories from 1st 5 years of life

reminiscence bump = large no. of memories between 15 and 25

retention function = memories from recent past

Question 12

define

flashbulb memories

Answer 12

memories for emotionally significant events

seems especially vivid, but no more accurate than any other memories

Question 13

semantic memory organised =

Answer 13

organised in terms of meanings and relationships = not dependent on context

organised in terms of related facts.

knowledge determined by = pattern of relationships and not the no. of facts

semantic networks of knowledge are formed through the process of consolidation

Question 14

how are permanent, generalised memories formed?

Answer 14

The process of consolidation forms the semantic network s of knowledge which results in..

Question 15

define

semantic networks

Answer 15

storage of nodes (concepts) in a network of relationships

memory search = function of spreading activation

formed through consolidation

Question 16

structure responsible for consolidation =

Answer 16

hippocampus

involved in navigation, brain activity, emotion, memory

Question 17

mode of action

hippocampus

Answer 17

monitors other areas of the brain when we experience the world

forms a map of experiences, full of contextual infor.

Question 18

when does the hippocampus play back the information

Answer 18

records when experiencing world

and plays back memories to other memory sites (cortext) when in REM sleep => making the new information permanent

Question 19

damage to the hippocampus =

Answer 19

retrograde amnesia along a temporal gradient

and an inability to form new declarative memories = anterograde amnesia

both amnesia
= no loss of intellectual/perceptual ability, working memory capacity.

good learning of new motor tasks but unable to recall learning them

Question 20

define retrograde amnesia

Answer 20

unable to remember events from before surgery

Question 21

define

anterograde amnesia

Answer 21

unable to form new long-term memories

Question 22

buffer model =

Answer 22

aka the human information processing model /3-store model

limited capacity memory (7ish)

full awareness of contents
search automatic

3
1=sensory register (>attention>)
2=STM (>storage>)
3=LTM (

Question 23

how does the storage information of the LTM improve

Answer 23

The longer the information stays in the STM buffer then the better the storage in LTM

Question 24

define

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 24

repetition keeps infor, in the STM and helps it transfer to LTM

Question 25

experiments associated with STM

Answer 25

STM seemed to be the key to make the system work memory span experiments serial position curve ST memory scanning Neuropsychological evidence

Question 26

classic view of STM

Answer 26

aka Primary memory same as buffer model = limited capacity memory span, full awareness of contents but search automatic

Question 27

STM could not explain __

Answer 27

meaningfulness effect memorising meaningful material easier> "nonsense" one of the earliest research findings Ebbinghaus

Question 28

what questions did ___ have about meaningfulness effect

Answer 28

2 ebbinghaus 1= why should the meaning of the material affect how it is stored 2= how could a model of memory overlook this finding

Question 29

levels of processing experiment

Answer 29

3 craik and Tuvling ``` 1= orthographic 2= rhyme 3= semantic ```

Question 30

examples of levels of processing experiment and subsequent cogonition test

Answer 30

shark orthographic = does the word start with s rhyme = does the word rhyme with park semantic = is the word a type of fish ``` semantic = 73% rhyme = 56% orthographic= 17% ```

Question 31

Define | levels of processing framework

Answer 31

an attemp to address meaningfulness effects by focussing on the type of processing in STM

Question 32

differences in STM and LTM are due to =

Answer 32

different rehearsal strategies, not diff memory systems

Question 33

describe | memory

Answer 33

memory = continuum 2 extremes = physical and meaning 1) physical= maintenance rehearsal shallow processing poor memory 2) meaning elaborative rehearsal deep processing good memory

Question 34

The more deep something is processed =

Answer 34

the better it will be remembered

Question 35

Working memory=

Answer 35

Baddeley & Hitch no such thing as separate STM STM = most recently activated portions of LTM

Question 36

What happened to the STM workbench/buffer =

Answer 36

with room for 7 +- 2 items = wasn't capturing all the research findings the construction of STM and whole 3-store model abandonned

Question 37

recall vs recognition

Answer 37

Even if you can't recall something you can still recognise it because = information still stored in LTM

Question 38

define | encoding specificity

Answer 38

information is not encoded as a set if individual items. memory is a rich set of inter-related information present during encoding

Question 39

retrieval depends on

Answer 39

the amount of overlap between information present at retrieval and encoding

Question 40

encoding specificity state dependent effects

Answer 40

a change in context from the time of encoding to the time of retrieval can interfere with recall particularly for episodic memories ``` 4 1=mood states 2=alcohol 3=drugs 4=stress and arousal ``` one or more strong cues from the encoding context are needed to reactivate the memory

Question 41

context during encoding is important =

Answer 41

encoding determines how information gets stored retrieval processes control how we get information out memory is not static everytime you acess a memory trace= the new context and new information can be added to the stored information = constructive processes

Question 42

define | constructive processes= reconsolidation

Answer 42

everytime you access a memory trace= the new context and new information can be added to the stored information

Question 43

constructuve processes in LTM

Answer 43

2 1=false memory effects 2=re-consolidation

Question 44

define | false memory effects

Answer 44

recalling or recognising events or facts you've never seen, heard, or read memory contains a rich set of inter-related information present during encoding

Question 45

demand characteristics

Answer 45

Loftus even offered $25 for accurate recall= still found the distortions produced by misleading questions

Question 46

eye-witness identification=

Answer 46

depends on how they are obtained recognition memory for faces, voices and names is good high rate of false positives most police investigation use simultaneous line-up or photo parade eyewitnesses ust use a relative judgment strategy

Question 47

relative jidgements in eyewitness identifcationsss = original memory may be incidental

Answer 47

good opportnity for constructive processes effect of schemata, stereotypes, suggestion