learning 2 Flashcards
define learning
a change in behaviour due to experience
operant conditioning
behaviour influenced by consequences of that behaviour - positive outcome of performing the behaviour - behaviour will increase
what is rienforcement
can be positive or negative but response increases
positive - lever press = food - more lever pressing
negative - take asprin = headache goes away - taking of asprin increases
what is punishment
can be positive or negative but response decreases
what is shaping
reinforcing approximations of desired behaviour - rat but ball through hoop not just touch it
starts with classical conditioning - clicker = food
then uses operant to rienforce desired behaviours
what is token economies
positive reinforcement - tokens reward good behaviour, exchanged for goods in store - secondary reinforcement
what are the two types of schedules of reinforcement
ratio schedules - fixed and variable - reinforcement after making certain number of responses
interval schedules - response is reinforced after a specified time interval since the last reinforcement
what does fixed ratio mean
the required no. of responses is always the same - FR-50 = 50 responses before reinforcement is given
example of fixed ratio
getting paid for a certain amount of work - produces high rates of output
what does variable ratio mean
there is an average no. of responses given before reinforcement - exact no of responses differs from trial to trial
example of variable ratio and explain its response
slot machines, video games - fast steady responding
what is fixed interval response schedule and explain response
interval between reinforcements will be the same - produces slow responding
what is variable interval response schedule and explain response
time interval between reinforcements varies - produces slow and steady responding
what does the rate of extinction depend on
the schedule of reinforcement
what does training with a variable schedule do
makes the behaviour more resistant to extinction
