(LE4) Viral Pathogens Flashcards
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Chickenpox
Virus: Varicella-Zoster Virus
MOT: Droplet
S/S: Respiratory Sx, fever, pustules
Tx: VZV vaccine
ETC: Stays latent in dorsal root ganglion. Can cause shingles. Sx of shingles is a localized, striped, painful rash. Tx is anti-virals e.g., Acyclovir
Why is aspirin contraindicated for treatment of fever in children?
Can cause Reye’s syndrome -> encephalitis
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Oral Herpes (HSV-1)
Genital Herpes (HSV-2)
- STI
MOT: body fluid transmission from open lesions
S/S: Open lesions on mouth or genitals
Tx: anti-virals e.g. Acyclovir
ETC: Latency in nerves (facial or genital)
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Mononucleosis
Virus: Epstein-Barr Virus (herpes family)
MOT: droplets and fomites
S/S: - peds: mild, cold-like Sx
- Teens/adults: chronic cold-like Sx (severe, several months)
Tx: none
ETC: associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma in areas with endemic malaria
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Measles
Virus: Rubeola
MOT: Droplet and airborne transmission
S/S: cold like Sx, high fever, non-pustulent rash along trunk, Koplik’s spots
Tx: MMR vaccine (live attenuated)
ETC: amongst most contagious disease. Req >90% herd immunity
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Rubella (German measles)
Virus: Rubella
MOT: Droplet
S/S: rash, mild fever, swollen lymph nodes, fatigue. Usually sub-clinical
Tx: MMR vaccine
ETC: - Congenital rubella syndrome: virus crosses placenta and causes cognitive impairment to the fetus (deaf, blind, miscarriage)
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Poliomyelitis
Virus: Polio Virus
MOT: fecal-oral transmission (contaminated water)
S/S: Most: Digestive infection
Some: paralytic polio. flaccid paralysis is common in school-aged children. can lead to life-long paralysis
Tx: IPV (Salk), OPV (Sabin)
ETC: epidemic in US 1950’s/1960’s
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Rabies
Virus: Rabies Virus
MOT: animal bites in animal saliva
S/S: High fever, encephalitis, death, Hydrophobia, frothing
Tx: post-exposure rabies vaccine, Milwaukee protocol (25% success rate)
ETC: - grows in sensory nerves and travels to CNS (incubation time varies)
- Near 100% fatality after S/S
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Arboviral Encephalitis (West Nile)
Virus: Arbovirus
MOT: Vector-borne: Culex mosquitos (Dusk and night activity in summer months)
S/S: subclinical. can lead to encephalitis in geriatric or immunocompromised, confusion, coma, rarely death
Tx: none
ETC: Reservoir: birds (jays, crows, robins)
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Yellow Fever
Virus: Yellow Fever virus
MOT: vector-borne: Aedes mosquito (Daytime active, tropical areas)
S/S: High fever, liver damage, jaundice, Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
Tx: Yellow fever vaccine, Blood transfusion for DIC
ETC: 10-30% fatality rate
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Dengue fever
Virus: Dengue virus
MOT: vector-borne: Aedes mosquito (Daytime active, tropical areas)
S/S: -1st exposure: mild, subclinical fever, rash, joint pain
- 2nd exposure: DIC
Tx: Vaccine after 1st exposure
ETC: “bone break fever”
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Hantavirus disease
Virus: Hantavirus
MOT: Airborne/vehicle transmission in mouse waste (feces and urine) Not contagious b/w people
S/S: Pneumonia, organ failure, death, rarely DIC
Tx: none
ETC: - High fatality rate
- US outbreaks: 1983: four corners region, 2012: Yosemite
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Ebola Virus Disease
Virus: Ebola virus
MOT: direct contact w/ contaminated fluids. Infectious 7 days after death
S/S: fever, diarrhea, vomiting, hemorrhaging 2-21 days after exposure (can lead DIC)
Tx: supportive care, passive antibodies
ETC: possible zoonosis (bats or primates)
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Chikungunya or Zika virus disease
Virus: Chikungunya or Zika virus
MOT: vector-borne: Aedes mosquito (mostly tropical areas)
S/S: mild subclinical, fever, rash, joint pain
ETC: Zika-> increased risk of birth defects if contracted during pregnancy
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Common cold
Virus: >200 kinds. Commonly Rhinovirus and coronavirus
MOT: Droplet and fomite transmission
S/S: URI (runny nose, post nasal drip, headache, sore throat), no fever
Tx: None
ETC: endemic
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: SARS, MERS
Virus: Coronavirus
MOT: Droplet transmission
S/S: flu-like Sx
Tx: supportive care
ETC: Zoonosis: civet?
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Covid-19
Virus: SARS-CoV-2
MOT: Droplet, fomite transmission
S/S: Flu-like, dyspnea
Tx: OTC meds, antivirals (Molnupiravir, Paxlovid), supportive care, respirator, Vaccines
ETC: endemic
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Influenza
Virus: Influenza A - more severe, epidemics, spreads every year
Influenza B - milder, localized outbreaks
MOT: Droplet and fomite transmission
S/S: sore throat, cough, fever, body aches, fatigue
Tx: Flu vaccine (3-4 strains), treat Sx
ETC: Reservoir: humans H3:N2, poultry H5:N1, and pigs H1:N1
What two spike proteins do Influenza viruses have?
Hemagglutin - attachment
Neuraminidase - mucus penetration
What is antigenic drift?
Small changes in protein -> fools immune system
Causes seasonal flu
What is antigenic shift?
Large changes in protein -> changes virulence
Causes epidemics/pandemics
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Viral gastroenteritis
Virus: Rotavirus and Noravirus
MOT: Oral-fecal transmission
S/S: Acute, severe diarrhea and nausea. fatal dehydration in infants
Tx: symptom management, Rotavirus vaccine
ETC: commonly spread on cruise ships
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Hepatitis A
Virus: Hepatitis A
MOT: Oral-fecal transmission waterborne (food w/ contaminated water)
S/S: Fever, aches, fatigue, jaundice
Tx: Usually self-resolving, Vaccine (for travel outside US)
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Hepatitis B
Virus: Hepatitis B
MOT: STD or needle sharing, blood transfusion
S/S: Acute: fever, aches, fatigue, jaundice. within 1-2 weeks of infection, resolves
Chronic (~10%): persists in liver and kills liver. Scar tissue -> cirrhosis -> liver failure or liver cancer
Tx: Vaccine
ETC: chronic form can be fatal or require liver transplant
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Hepatitis C
Virus: Hepatitis C
MOT: Blood transfusion or needle sharing (IV drug use, Tattoos (prison system)
S/S: Milder acute phase than HepB: subclinical, no jaundice
Chronic: ~50%. liver problems, cirrhosis, liver cancer. fatal or liver transplant
Tx: No vaccine, curable but very expensive
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: AIDS
Virus: HIV
MOT: Body fluids in unprotected sex, STD, blood, breast milk
S/S: enables opportunistic infections, thrush, Kaposi’s Sarcoma (BV cancer, extremely rare w/o HIV)
Tx: RT inhibitors, protease inhibitors, AZT, HAART PrEP. No vaccine
ETC: HIV (+) detectable, HIV (-) not detectable -> not contagious. Does not cross placenta
What opportunistic infections are common with AIDS?
- TB: number 1 cause of death in Africa
- Pneumocystis: pneumonia (PCP)
- Cryptosporidium: chronic wasting disease
- Candida albicans: thrush
- herpes infection
What three main drugs inhibit HIV?
RT inhibitor: Competitive
RT inhibitor: allosteric
Protease inhibitor
What is HAART?
Highly Active Anti-retroviral Therapy
- combination of 2-3 drugs with different modes of actions
What is PrEP?
Pre-exposure prophylaxis
Describe the structure of the HIV virus
Describe the replication steps of HIV
What happens in the maturation step of HIV replication?
What does disease progression of HIV without treatment look like?
What does disease progression of HIV with treatment look like?
