(LE4) Viral Pathogens Flashcards
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Chickenpox
Virus: Varicella-Zoster Virus
MOT: Droplet
S/S: Respiratory Sx, fever, pustules
Tx: VZV vaccine
ETC: Stays latent in dorsal root ganglion. Can cause shingles. Sx of shingles is a localized, striped, painful rash. Tx is anti-virals e.g., Acyclovir
Why is aspirin contraindicated for treatment of fever in children?
Can cause Reye’s syndrome -> encephalitis
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Oral Herpes (HSV-1)
Genital Herpes (HSV-2)
- STI
MOT: body fluid transmission from open lesions
S/S: Open lesions on mouth or genitals
Tx: anti-virals e.g. Acyclovir
ETC: Latency in nerves (facial or genital)
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Mononucleosis
Virus: Epstein-Barr Virus (herpes family)
MOT: droplets and fomites
S/S: - peds: mild, cold-like Sx
- Teens/adults: chronic cold-like Sx (severe, several months)
Tx: none
ETC: associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma in areas with endemic malaria
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Measles
Virus: Rubeola
MOT: Droplet and airborne transmission
S/S: cold like Sx, high fever, non-pustulent rash along trunk, Koplik’s spots
Tx: MMR vaccine (live attenuated)
ETC: amongst most contagious disease. Req >90% herd immunity
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Rubella (German measles)
Virus: Rubella
MOT: Droplet
S/S: rash, mild fever, swollen lymph nodes, fatigue. Usually sub-clinical
Tx: MMR vaccine
ETC: - Congenital rubella syndrome: virus crosses placenta and causes cognitive impairment to the fetus (deaf, blind, miscarriage)
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Poliomyelitis
Virus: Polio Virus
MOT: fecal-oral transmission (contaminated water)
S/S: Most: Digestive infection
Some: paralytic polio. flaccid paralysis is common in school-aged children. can lead to life-long paralysis
Tx: IPV (Salk), OPV (Sabin)
ETC: epidemic in US 1950’s/1960’s
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Rabies
Virus: Rabies Virus
MOT: animal bites in animal saliva
S/S: High fever, encephalitis, death, Hydrophobia, frothing
Tx: post-exposure rabies vaccine, Milwaukee protocol (25% success rate)
ETC: - grows in sensory nerves and travels to CNS (incubation time varies)
- Near 100% fatality after S/S
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Arboviral Encephalitis (West Nile)
Virus: Arbovirus
MOT: Vector-borne: Culex mosquitos (Dusk and night activity in summer months)
S/S: subclinical. can lead to encephalitis in geriatric or immunocompromised, confusion, coma, rarely death
Tx: none
ETC: Reservoir: birds (jays, crows, robins)
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Yellow Fever
Virus: Yellow Fever virus
MOT: vector-borne: Aedes mosquito (Daytime active, tropical areas)
S/S: High fever, liver damage, jaundice, Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
Tx: Yellow fever vaccine, Blood transfusion for DIC
ETC: 10-30% fatality rate
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Dengue fever
Virus: Dengue virus
MOT: vector-borne: Aedes mosquito (Daytime active, tropical areas)
S/S: -1st exposure: mild, subclinical fever, rash, joint pain
- 2nd exposure: DIC
Tx: Vaccine after 1st exposure
ETC: “bone break fever”
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Hantavirus disease
Virus: Hantavirus
MOT: Airborne/vehicle transmission in mouse waste (feces and urine) Not contagious b/w people
S/S: Pneumonia, organ failure, death, rarely DIC
Tx: none
ETC: - High fatality rate
- US outbreaks: 1983: four corners region, 2012: Yosemite
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Ebola Virus Disease
Virus: Ebola virus
MOT: direct contact w/ contaminated fluids. Infectious 7 days after death
S/S: fever, diarrhea, vomiting, hemorrhaging 2-21 days after exposure (can lead DIC)
Tx: supportive care, passive antibodies
ETC: possible zoonosis (bats or primates)
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Chikungunya or Zika virus disease
Virus: Chikungunya or Zika virus
MOT: vector-borne: Aedes mosquito (mostly tropical areas)
S/S: mild subclinical, fever, rash, joint pain
ETC: Zika-> increased risk of birth defects if contracted during pregnancy
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Common cold
Virus: >200 kinds. Commonly Rhinovirus and coronavirus
MOT: Droplet and fomite transmission
S/S: URI (runny nose, post nasal drip, headache, sore throat), no fever
Tx: None
ETC: endemic
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: SARS, MERS
Virus: Coronavirus
MOT: Droplet transmission
S/S: flu-like Sx
Tx: supportive care
ETC: Zoonosis: civet?
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Covid-19
Virus: SARS-CoV-2
MOT: Droplet, fomite transmission
S/S: Flu-like, dyspnea
Tx: OTC meds, antivirals (Molnupiravir, Paxlovid), supportive care, respirator, Vaccines
ETC: endemic
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Influenza
Virus: Influenza A - more severe, epidemics, spreads every year
Influenza B - milder, localized outbreaks
MOT: Droplet and fomite transmission
S/S: sore throat, cough, fever, body aches, fatigue
Tx: Flu vaccine (3-4 strains), treat Sx
ETC: Reservoir: humans H3:N2, poultry H5:N1, and pigs H1:N1
What two spike proteins do Influenza viruses have?
Hemagglutin - attachment
Neuraminidase - mucus penetration
What is antigenic drift?
Small changes in protein -> fools immune system
Causes seasonal flu
What is antigenic shift?
Large changes in protein -> changes virulence
Causes epidemics/pandemics
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Viral gastroenteritis
Virus: Rotavirus and Noravirus
MOT: Oral-fecal transmission
S/S: Acute, severe diarrhea and nausea. fatal dehydration in infants
Tx: symptom management, Rotavirus vaccine
ETC: commonly spread on cruise ships
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Hepatitis A
Virus: Hepatitis A
MOT: Oral-fecal transmission waterborne (food w/ contaminated water)
S/S: Fever, aches, fatigue, jaundice
Tx: Usually self-resolving, Vaccine (for travel outside US)
What disease is shown here? What causes this disease? Describe the mode of transmission, signs/symptoms, prevention and treatment, and interesting facts
Disease: Hepatitis B
Virus: Hepatitis B
MOT: STD or needle sharing, blood transfusion
S/S: Acute: fever, aches, fatigue, jaundice. within 1-2 weeks of infection, resolves
Chronic (~10%): persists in liver and kills liver. Scar tissue -> cirrhosis -> liver failure or liver cancer
Tx: Vaccine
ETC: chronic form can be fatal or require liver transplant
