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MICR 262 > (LE3) Adaptive Immunology > Flashcards

(LE3) Adaptive Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main difference between the innate immune response and the adaptive immune response?

A

It is pathogen specific, so it is slower

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2
Q

What is an antigen?

A

antibody generator - anything that triggers an adaptive immune response (foreign molecule)

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3
Q

Why don’t we usually build immunity against Gram-negative infections?

A

LPS they contain make weak antigens
- proteins and glycoproteins make better antigens

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4
Q

Where are antigens found on a pathogen?

A

usually on surface of pathogen (wall, capsule, virus coat)
- internal antigen can be released with the death of the pathogen

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5
Q

Why is the adaptive immune response slower?

A

specificity
- it is pathogen-specific so the response against one pathogen does not function against another pathogen

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6
Q

How does our adaptive immune response not attack our own cells?

A

Self vs. Non-self recognition
- response ignores self Ag and attacks non-self

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7
Q

What is diversity when referring to the adaptive immune response?

A

Can respond to large number of Ags, even those that we are rarely/never exposed to (naive WBCs)

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8
Q

How do we gain active immunity from the adaptive immune response?

A

Immune response remembers pathogen after it is cleared, waiting for the next exposure

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9
Q

What are the two branches of adaptive immune response?

A
  1. Humoral immunity
  2. Cell mediated immunity
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10
Q

What is the function of Humoral Immunity?

A

Fights invaders outside cells (e.g. bacteria and toxins)
- B-lymphocytes (antibodies)

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11
Q

What is the function of cell-mediated immunity?

A

Fights invaders found inside cells (e.g. viruses and cancer)
- T-lymphocytes (kill infected cells)
- antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, etc.)

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12
Q

How are B cells activated?

A
  • only lymphocyte with specific receptor to Ag will be activated
  • B lymphocytes activate when they bind to their Ag for first time
  • clonal selection begins
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13
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

B lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into Plasma cells and memory cells

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14
Q

What do plasma B-cells do?

A

Secrete antibodies specific to antigen

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15
Q

What do memory B-cells do?

A

stay in circulation to recognize pathogen upon subsequent exposure

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16
Q

What are antibodies, and what is their composition?

A

Immunoglobulins, serum proteins

2 heavy chains + 2 light chains held together by disulfide bonds

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17
Q

What region of the antibody is indicated?

A

Constant region (Fc) - 5 classes

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18
Q

What region of the antibody is indicated?

A

Variable region - Ag binding sites

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19
Q

What are the protective mechanisms of binding antibodies to antigens?

A
  • agglutination
  • opsonization
  • neutralization
  • activation of complement system
  • antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
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20
Q

What does antibody agglutination do?

A

And facilitates phagocytosis

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21
Q

What does antibody complement activation do?

A

(classical activation)

22
Q

What is antibody opsonization?

A
  • facilitate phagocytosis
  • neutralize
23
Q

What does antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity do?

A

NK cells destroy Ab-bound infected cells/tumors

24
Q

What is Ag neutralization?

A
25
Q

What class of antibody is pictured? What is their function?

A

IgG - most prevalent in blood & most effective antibody
- opsonization and activates complement system
- can cross placenta (passive immunity)

26
Q

What class of antibody is pictured? What is their function?

A

IgM (pentamer) - first to appear
- agglutination

27
Q

What class of antibody is pictured? What is their function?

A

IgA (monomer or dimer) - in mucus membranes (monomer) and secretions (dimers). e.g. breast milk
- Prevents pathogen attachment to mucus membranes; neutralization

28
Q

What class of antibody is pictured? What is their function?

A

IgD - Ag receptor on B cells

29
Q

What class of antibody is pictured? What is their function?

A

IgE - allergic response and parasitic worms

30
Q

What is primary response?

A

First exposure to an antigen
- slow to develop
- IgM first then IgG
- total Ab titer lower
- creates memory B cells that stay in blood and lymph

31
Q

What is secondary response?

A

Subsequent exposures to an antigen
- very fast to develop
- quickly produces large amounts of IgG
- leads to immunity

32
Q

What is clonal deletion?

A

Removes B-cells that recognize self Ags
- happens in utero during fetal development
- prevents your immune system from attacking your own cells

33
Q

How are autoimmune disorders theorized to occur? What is an example?

A

Immune system attacks self-Ag
- e.g. Rheumatoid arthritis, T1 Diabetes

34
Q

Where do T-cells encounter their Ag?

A

Has to be presented on the surface of cells

35
Q

What are APCs?

A

Antigen Presenting Cells
phagocytes that engulf pathogen and present pieces of it on the cell surface

36
Q

What conditions must be met for naive T-cell activation and proliferation?

A

Recognition of Ag on T-cell receptor
Recognition of MHC on Co-receptor

37
Q

Where are MHC II found?

A

Phagocytes
- mø
- dendritic cells
- B-cells

38
Q

Where are MHC I found?

A

All nucleated cells

39
Q

What co-receptor is recognized by MHC II? MHC I?

A
40
Q

What antigen source is processed by MHC I? MHC II?

A

MHC I: intracellular virus or cancer
MHC II: pathogens

41
Q

What are the two types of T cells?

A
  • Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)
  • Helper T cells (CD4)
42
Q

What do Helper T cells do?

A
  • Coordinate both humoral and cell-mediated immune response
  • assist in lymphocyte and mø activation by producing cytokines
43
Q

How does HIV attack our immune system?

A

Targets CD4 cells, commander of entire system. destroys immune system, leads to AIDS

44
Q

What are cytokines?

A

intercellular chemicals that stimulate/inhibit growth and activity of their leukocytes

45
Q

What do TH1 cells do?

A
  • secrete IL-2 and gamma-interferon
  • enhance cell-mediated response (virus)
  • Help activate CD8 cells and Mø
  • suppress B cell activation
46
Q

What do TH2 cells do?

A
  • secrete IL-4 and IL-5
  • enhance humoral response (extracellular pathogen)
  • help activate B cells (T-cell dependent activation)
  • suppress CD8 activation
47
Q

How do Cytotoxic T cells function?

A
  • kill cells by releasing perforin (pokes holes in cell membrane)
48
Q

What is the humoral response best for?

A

Circulating pathogens and toxins (blood and lymph)
- T-cell dependent B-cell activation
- T-cell independent B-cell activation
- Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

49
Q

Describe T-cell-dependent B-cell activation

A

TH2 release IL-4 and IL-5
- stronger but slower response

50
Q

Describe T-cell independent B-cell activation

A

No T-cells or cytokines
- weaker but faster response

51
Q

What is the cell-mediated response best for?

A

Virus-infected cells and tumors
- strong memory
- develops more slowly

MICR 262 (30 decks)

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