(LE2) Genetic Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

What is vertical gene transfer? Does it occur in prokaryotes, or eukaryotes?

A

occurs during reproduction between generations of cells
- occurs in all eukaryotes and prokaryotes (mutations only)

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2
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer? Does it occur in prokaryotes, or eukaryotes?

A

Transfer of genes between cells of the same generation
- occurs in prokaryotes only

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3
Q

What are methods of horizontal gene transfer?

A

Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation

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4
Q

What is transformation?

A

ability of some bacteria to take up “naked” DNA and incorporate it into its own genome. Must be a competent cell

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5
Q

What is recombination?

A

DNA sequence is homologous (alleles), they may recombine and the new DNA sequence replaces the old
- recipient has new properties

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6
Q

What was the significance of Griffith’s experiment with mice?

A

Proved recombination occurred within bacteria
- Living R strain, dead S strain injected. Dead S released naked DNA and was taken up by the R strain

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7
Q

What is the significance of using recombinant technology with E. coli?

A

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) added to E. Coli plasmid
- plasmid contains GFP and ampR
- only cells that can take up plasmid can grow on media containing ampicillin
- cells made competent by adding Ca2+

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8
Q

What is transduction?

A

transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another via a bacteriophage (bacterial viruses)
- results in recipient cell with new trait that is passed on
e.g., O157:H7 E. coli w/ shiga-like toxin

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9
Q

What is conjugation?

A

transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells via sex pilus

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10
Q

Describe F+ conjugation. What is the F plasmid?

A

F plasmid creates genes that build pilus
- F+ is able to make pilus and transfer plasmid to F- recipient cell
- Recipient cell now has F plasmid and becomes F+ cell

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11
Q

What is Hfr conjugation?

A

High frequency of recombination (F-factor in chromosome)
- F plasmid incorporates to bacterial chromosome
- DNA replicates and transfers across pilus. Not all F factor transfers. Recipient stays F-

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12
Q

What is R factor?

A

plasmids containing genes for antibiotic or toxin resistance
- often exchanged via conjugation

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