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MICR 262 > (LE1) Cell Biology > Flashcards

(LE1) Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus; Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

A

P: no nucleus. Contain nucleoid region
E: Yes

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2
Q

Membrane bound organelles; Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

A

P: No
E: Yes

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3
Q

Ribosomes; Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

A

P: yes, 70s ribosome
E: yes, 80s ribosome

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4
Q

Chromosome structure; Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

A

P: 1 circular piece
E: Variable (linear, singular, histones, etc.)

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5
Q

Cell wall; Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

A

P: Yes, peptidoglycan
E: varies (animals;no cell wall, plants; cellulose, fungi; chitin)

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6
Q

Cell division; Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

A

P: mitosis
E: mitosis or meiosis - sexual/asexual - clonal/recombinant

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7
Q

What are the magic bullet targets for bacteria characteristics?

A

Ribosomes, chromosome structure, and cell wall

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8
Q

Where do prokaryotes make ATP?

A

In cell membrane (no mitochondria)

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9
Q

Name this morphology

A

Coccus

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10
Q

Name this morphology

A

Vibrio

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11
Q

Name this morphology

A

Bacillus

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12
Q

Name this morphology

A

Spirillum

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13
Q

Name this morphology

A

Spirochete

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14
Q

Name this arrangement

A

Diplo
- Diplococci

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15
Q

Name this arrangement

A

Staphylo
- Staphylococci

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16
Q

Name this arrangement

A

Strepto
- streptococci

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17
Q

Name this arrangement

A

Tetrad

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18
Q

What arrangements are only applicable to cocci morphologies?

A

Tetrad and Staphylo

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19
Q

What is pleomorphic?

A

Capable of changing shape

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20
Q

What is the name of the indicated appendage? What is its function?

A

Flagella - used for motility in response to chemotaxis

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21
Q

What is the name of the indicated appendage? What is its function?

A

Axial filament - used for motility
Found in spirochetes

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22
Q

What do prokaryotes use for attachment?

A

Fimbriae and pili

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23
Q

What is the function of fimbriae?

A

Attachment to surfaces and other cells
- fine, hairlike bristles

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24
Q

What is the function of pilus?

A

Used for attachment and conjugation (exchange of genetic information)
- rigid tubular structure

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25
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small circular extrachromosomal pieces of DNA. Not necessary for survival, but can give prokaryotes selective advantages: antibiotic resistance, toxins, alternative energy source

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26
Q

What are the two types of glycocalyx?

A

Capsule: organized molecules, thick layer
Slime layer: less organized, thin layer

27
Q

What are the functions of the glycocalyx?

A
  • adherence and mucoid (make biofilms)
  • Phagocytosis protection
  • resists dehydration and starvation
  • protects from environment (antibiotics, chemicals, etc.)
28
Q

How does the glycocalyx provide phagocytosis protection?

A
  1. Reduces recognition
  2. reduces ingestion
  3. reduces digestion
29
Q

What is a bioflim?

A

microbial community with a shared slime layer

30
Q

What are the benefits of biofilm?

A
  • allows all bacteria to share nutrients
  • sheltered from environment
  • prevent dessication
  • protected from host immune system
  • helps with conjugation
31
Q

What are the most common capsule forming pathogens?

A

Some Killers Have Pretty Nice Capsules

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Pseudomonas influenzae
Neisseria meningitidis/gonorrhoheae
Cryptococcus

32
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae causes…

A

pneumonia

33
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae causes…

A

pneumonia and bladder infections

34
Q

Haemophilus influenzae causes…

A

meningitis and pneumonia

35
Q

Pseudomonas influenzae causes…

A

cystic fibrosis. Common in burn pts

36
Q

Neisseria meningitidis/gonorrhoheae causes…

A

meningitis or gonorrhea

37
Q

Cryptococcus causes…

A

Is a fungus. Meningitis or fatal lung infections (AIDS pts).

38
Q

What is the function of bacterial cell wall? What are its qualities?

A

prevent osmotic lysis and protects the cell membrane

  • strong and protective
  • non-selective
39
Q

What are cell walls made of in 95% of bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan: carbohydrate backbones held together by peptide cross-bridge links

40
Q

Describe Gram+ cell walls

A

Thick layer of peptidoglycan (strong/nonselective)
- contain teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid to attach peptidoglycan to cell membrane.
- acids give cell wall a negative charge

41
Q

Describe Gram- cell walls

A

Thin layer of peptidoglycan and outer plasma membrane (not strong, but extremely selective)

  • contains outer plasma membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
    1. LPS is an endotoxin
    2. LPS gives cell wall a negative charge
42
Q

What color does G+ stain? G-?

A

G+ = purple stain
G- = pink stain

43
Q

Describe acid-fast cell wall

A

Waxy, lipoidal
- mostly composed of mycolic acid
- resistant to chemicals (antibiotics, disinfectants)
- Long-lived (resists desiccation and phagocytosis)

44
Q

What bacteria contains an acid-fast cell wall?

A

All Mycobacterium. Ex/ Mycobacterium tuberculosis

45
Q

How does the plasma membrane create a semipermeable barrier?

A

Phospholipid bilayer has polar head and non-polar tails.
- small hydrocarbons an nonpolar, small molecules like CO2 and O2 pass through
- Charged ions and large molecules like glucose, Na+, and amino acids don’t pass through

46
Q

What are functions of integral protein in the plasma membrane?

A

act as channel proteins (aquaporin), carrier, etc.

47
Q

What are some functions of peripheral proteins in the plasma membrane?

A

cell recognition, signal transduction, etc

48
Q

Describe simple diffusion

A

molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.
- no energy is required

49
Q

What is tonicity?

A

Measure of solute concentration outside the cell; ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

50
Q

What would happen to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution?

A

plasmolysis: cell membrane shrivels up due to loss of water to hypertonic solution

51
Q

What would happen to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

cytolysis: cell membrane swells up due to absorption of water from hypotonic solution

52
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

difussion with the help of protein. No ATP used, but still requires molecule-specific channel proteins or carrier proteins

53
Q

What is active transport?

A

Molecules moved against their concentration gradient. Requires a protein and ATP
ex/ sodium/potassium pump

54
Q

What is cytoplasm

A

Fluid interior of the cell
- contains dissolved nutrients, wastes, polymers gases, etc.
- contains cytoskeleton

55
Q

Where do prokaryotic cells carry genetic information?

A

in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm

56
Q

Describe bacterial chromosome

A
  • haploid (one copy)
  • circular
  • 1000s of genes
  • No histones (not bound to anything. free floating in cytoplasm)
57
Q

What’s an example of a deadly plasmid

A

E. coli O157:H7 contains the Shiga toxin on plasmid

58
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Used for protein production
composed of 2 subunits: one small and one large

59
Q

What’s the size difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?

A

Prokaryotes: 70S (50S + 30S)
Eukaryotes: 80S (60S + 40S)

60
Q

What are endospores?

A

Keratin structures that contain genetic material and some proteins. Remain dormant to survive adverse conditions

61
Q

Which prokaryotes are endospores unique to? What are their oxygen requirements?

A

Bacillus - aerobic
Clostridium - anaerobic

62
Q

What are the differences in a eukaryotic cell compared to a prokaryotic cell?

A
  • usually bigger
  • membrane bound organelles
  • ATP made in mitochondria
  • DNA in nucleus
  • majority of protein made in rough E.R.
  • no or different cell wall
63
Q

What is endosymbiotic theory?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes living within eukaryotes

64
Q

What evidence do we have for endosymbiotic theory from weakest to greatest?

A

Mitochondria:
- same size as bacteria (1-2 microns)
- self-replicating
- own DNA (mDNA) circular
- double membrane
- own ribosomes (70S) (rRNA sequence closer to prokaryotes than eukaryotes)

MICR 262 (30 decks)

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