(LE1) Chemistry Flashcards
What does the top number represent?
Atomic number: number of protons
What does the bottom number represent?
Atomic mass: number of protons + number of neutrons
What is an isotope?
Same element with different atomic mass. Different number of neutrons
What are valence electrons?
electrons in the outer shell
How many electrons are in an uncharged atom?
The amount is equal to the number of protons
How is charge determined?
by an unequal number of electrons to protons
What are ionic bonds?
donate/accept electrons
- strong bonds
What are covalent bonds?
share pairs of electrons
- strongest type of bond
What is a Hydrogen bond?
Uneven sharing of electrons results in partial negative in one molecule attracted to partial positive in another molecule
- very weak bond. Electrons aren’t donated/accepted or shared
ex/ H2O molecules
What do acids dissociate into? Name an example
Dissociates into H+ and anions
Ex/ HCl -> H+ Cl-
What do bases dissociate into? Name an example
Dissociates into OH- (hydroxide) and cations
Ex/ NaOH -> Na+ OH-
What do salts dissociate into? Name an example
Cation and anion together. Does not dissociate into H+ or OH-
Ex/ NaCl -> Na+ Cl-
What is the relation of the pH scale to [H+]
Inversely proportional to H+ content
Each value is 10x different
Ex/ pH 7 is 100x less acidic than pH 5
What are buffers?
prevent large pH fluctuations
ex/ PBS - phosphate buffered saline
Name this functional group
Hydroxyl group
Name this functional group
Carbonyl group
Name this functional group
Carboxyl group
Name this functional group
Amino group
Name this functional group
Phosphate group
Explain what is occurring in this image. What is the specific name? What kind of bond is formed?
Dehydration synthesis to join monomers to make a polymer
- releases a water molecule in the process
This image is specifically Glycosidic linkage
- Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
Covalent bond
Explain what is occurring in this image
Hydrolysis to break polymers into monomers
- requires a water molecule in the process
Draw an amino acid molecule
Draw a glucose molecule
What kind of reaction is occurring?
Peptide bond between two amino acids
What is the formula for carbohydrate molecules? Write an example
CH2O
Ex/ C6H12O6 = Glucose
What are monosaccharides? Give examples
Simple sugar
5C Pentose - ribose sugar
6C hexose - glucose
What are disaccharides? Give an example
Two monomer sugar (small polymer)
ex/ glucose + fructose = sucrose
What are polysaccharides? Give examples
Complex sugars (long polymer)
Glycogen - glucose
Cellulose - glucose
What are lipid molecules composed of?
C, H, and O (not CH2O formula)
Mostly non-polar
What are the three classes of lipids?
Triglycerides - fats
Phospholipids - membrane lipids
Sterols - cholesterol and steroids
What are triglycerides composed of? What are two types of triglycerides?
Glycerol (3C) + 3 fatty acid chains
Saturated and Unsaturated fatty acids
What is pictured? Describe its characteristics
Saturated fatty acid
- no double bonds
- straight C-H skeleton
- Solid at room temp
What is pictured? Describe its characteristics
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
- at least one double bond
- creates a kinked C-H skeleton
- liquid at room temp
What kind of bond is used to form triglycerides?
Ester linkage; it is a covalent bond
What is the function of cholesterol?
Found in plasma membrane of animals; maintains fluidity of membrane
What is shown in the image?
Phospholipid
- contains a charged head and uncharged tail
- tail is hydrophobic, head is hydrophilic
What is the fungi equivalent of cholesterol?
Ergosterol; target for “magic bullet”
What are some steroid functions in plants and animals?
Act as hormones
ex/ testosterone and estrogen
What atoms makeup protein molecules?
C, H, O, N, and sometimes S
Name some cellular functions of protein
Enzymes, membrane channels/receptors, structures, hormones, immunity, etc.
How many types of amino acids are there?
20
What are stereoisomers?
mirror images of amino acids
What determines the shape of a protein molecule? What are the different types?
R-group
- polar/non-polar
- charged/uncharged
Describe animal vs bacteria Amino Acids (aa). What is the significance?
They are stereoisomers: L-aa in animals vs D-aa in bacterial cell walls
- D-aa can be used as a target for magic bullet
What levels of protein structure are there?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
What structure level is this? What kind?
Primary Structure: polypeptide chain
What kinds of secondary structures are there? What kind of bond is used?
Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets
- both hydrogen bonds
What are tertiary structures? What determines the structure? What are its functions?
Complex 3-D folds
- R-group determines structure
- function depends on shape/structure
What are quaternary structures? What is an example?
Multiple polypeptides form large multiunit proteins (not found in all proteins)
ex/ immunoglobulins
What are nucleic acid polymers made of?
Nucleic acid monomers:
- phosphate group
- Ribose or Deoxyribose sugar
- Nitrogenous base
What are the different types of nitrogenous base categories?
Purines - 2 rings structure
Pyrimidine - 1 ring structure
Name different types of purines
Adenine and Guanine
Name different types of pyrimidines
Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil
What kind of bond makes up the sugar-phosphate backbone of nucleic acids?
phosphodiester bonds
What other bonds are found on a DNA molecule?
Covalent bond between the nucleotides
Hydrogen bonds between strands
What is the structure of ATP?
same structure as RNA nucleotide, but with three phosphate groups
How is ATP creation/release formula written out?
