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Biology > Layer C, Task 4 > Flashcards

Layer C, Task 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Specialized cells

A

Cells that perform a specific function (all multicellular organisms are made mostly of specialized cells)

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2
Q

Difference between single-celled organisms and specialized cells

A
  • Single-celled organisms function independently
  • Specialized cells cannot survive on their own
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3
Q

4 specialized cells in animals

A
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Skin cells
  • Bone cells
  • Muscle cells
  • Sperm cells
  • Fat cells
  • Nerve cells
  • Photophores
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4
Q

4 specialized cells in plants

A
  • Cells that transport water & dissolved minerals
  • Storage cells
  • Photosynthetic cells
  • Cells that transport dissolved sugars
  • Epidermal cells
  • Guard cells
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5
Q

Hierarchy

A

Organizational structure –> most complex at the top and least complex at the bottom

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6
Q

Hierarchy within animals

A

Organism level
Organ system level
Organ level
Tissue level
Cellular level

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7
Q

Tissue, organ and organ system

A

Tissue: Collection of similar cells that perform a function

Organ: Made up of 2 or more types of tissues

Organ system: System of 1 or more organs that work together to perform a body function

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8
Q

4 major types of tissues

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Nerve tissue
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9
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Cover surfaces and line internal organs
Function: Protect from dehydration

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10
Q

Connective tissue

A

Cells and fibres held together by a matrix
Function: Support and insulation

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11
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Muscle fibres that contain specialized proteins capable of shortening/contracting
Function: Movement

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12
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Long thin cells with fine branches at the end that conduct electrical impulses
Function: Sensory, communication and coordination within body

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13
Q

Cellular differentation

A

The process by which a cell becomes specialized

All multicellular organisms start as a single cell (zygote) and as the cells of the embryo continue to divide, they become specialized

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14
Q

Stem cell

A

Undifferentiated cell that can divide to form specialized cells

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15
Q

A stem cell divides into…

A

2 daughter cells

Each daughter cell can develop into a different type of cell (based on which parts of its DNA are switched on)

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16
Q

2 types of stem cells

A

Embryonic stem cells (pluripotent)
Tissue stem cells (multipotent)

17
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Can differentiate into any kind of cell

18
Q

Tissue stem cells

A

Exist within specialized tissue and can only differentiate into certain types of cells

19
Q

What 2 obvious distinguishing features do plants have

A
  • Green (caused by chlorophyll)
  • Cannot move (have structures—usually roots—to anchor them)
20
Q

A typical flowering plant has 2 body systems:

A
  • Root system
  • Shoot system
21
Q

Root system

A
  • Anchors the plant
  • Absorbs water & minerals and stores food
22
Q

Shoot system

A

Conducts photosynthesis and produces flowers for sexual reproduction

23
Q

Leaf

A

Performs photosynthesis (tissues in the leaf use CO2, water and light energy to produce glucose and oxygen)

24
Q

Flower

A

Structure developed for sexual reproduction

Male reproductive structures produce pollen grains
Female reproductive structures produce eggs (after pollination, produce seeds often contained within a fruit)

25
Q

Stem

A
  • Supports the branches, leaves and flowers
  • Transports materials
26
Q

Functions that both plants and animals perform

A
  • Exchange gas with surroundings
  • Internal transportation system to move water and nutrients
  • Way of reproducing
27
Q

3 main types of plant tissue systems

A
  • Dermal tissue system
  • Vascular tissue system
  • Ground tissue system
28
Q

Dermal tissue system

A

Tissues covering outer surface of plant

29
Q

Vascular tissue system

A

Tissues responsible for the transportation of water, minerals and nutrients

30
Q

Ground tissue system

A

Make up all the other structures within a plant

31
Q

Meristematic cell

A

Undifferentiated plant cell that can divide to form specialized cells

32
Q

2 types of dermal tissues in plants

A

Epidermal tissue
Periderm tissue

33
Q

Epidermal vs. periderm tissue

A

Epidermal: Thin layer of cells covering non-woody surfaces
Periderm: Tissue on surface that produces bark

34
Q

2 types of vascular tissues in plants

A

Xylem and phloem

35
Q

Xylem

A

Dead, hollow tubes that transport water & minerals from roots

36
Q

Phloem

A

Made up of specialized cells that transport food, other dissolved nutrients and hormones throughout plant

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