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RT General Review > Laws, Principles, and Formulas > Flashcards

Laws, Principles, and Formulas Flashcards

1
Q

Reynolds’s number (Nr)

A

Helps determine if you have turbulent flow

Nr = (velocity x Density x 2Radius) / Viscosity

If product > 2000, turbulent flow can be expected

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2
Q

Poiseuille Law

V = ∆Pπ r^4 / 8Ln

A

Describes flow of fluids (air or liquid) in a tube.

Variables it takes into account are:
-flow (Q)
-viscosity (n)
-pressure gradient across tube (P)
-Length (L)
-radius (R)

greater than 2000 = turbulent

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3
Q

Newtons Law 1

A

Law of inertia: object in motion stays in motion

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4
Q

Newtons Law 2

A

F = M x A

When a constant force acts on a massive body, it causes it to accelerate at a constant rate

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5
Q

Newtons law 3

A

Action-reaction law: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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6
Q

Pascals law

A

P change in enclosed fluid = transferred undiminished through entire fluid/walls

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7
Q

Hooke’s Law

A

TLDR: Describes elasticity.

The elastic body stretches equal units of length/volume for each unit of weight/force applied to it

Limit:
(until the elastic limit of the system is reached). Exceeding the limit results in permanent distortion of the spring.

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8
Q

Boyles law

A

P1V1 = P2V2

Relationship of variables: -INVERSE-
Pressure and volume of a gas system vary inversely if the temp. and amount of gas are constant.

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9
Q

Charles Law

A

V1/T1 = V2/T2

Relationship of variables: -DIRECT-
Temp and vol. of a gas system vary directly if the pressure and amount of gas are constant.

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10
Q

Gay-Lussac’s law

A

P1/T1 = P2/T2

Relationship of variables: -DIRECT-
pressure and temp of a gas system vary directly if the volume and amount of gas in the system are constant.

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11
Q

Venturi Principle

A

P drop by restriction can be reversed with gradual tube dilation no more than 15 degrees

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12
Q

Bernoulli principle

A

As forward pressure of fluid/gas increases, lateral Pressure decreases

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13
Q

Bohr effect

A

Increased CO2 in tissues decreases affinity between O2 and Hb.

TLDR: Dumps O2 at tissues

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14
Q

Haldane effect

A

The affinity of hemoglobin for CO2 is greater when it is not combined with 02.

TLDR:
Promotes the dissociation of CO2 from hemoglobin.

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15
Q

Henry’s law

A

Amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas around the liquid

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16
Q

Factors Affecting Hb Affinity for O2:
Increased Affinity (shift to left)

A

Decrease in:
-PCO2
-H+
-Temp.
-DPG

Increase in:
PH

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17
Q

Factors Affecting Hb Affinity for O2:
Decrease Affinity (shift to right)

A

Decrease in:
-PH

Increase in:
-PCO2
-H+
-Temp
-DPG

18
Q

BMI Calculation

A

Wt (Kg) / Ht (m)

19
Q

How do you find O2 content of arterial blood (CaO2)?

What is CaO2’s normal range?

A

normal range = 15-20

19
Q

How do you find O2 content of arterial blood (CaO2)?

What is CaO2’s normal range?

A

normal range = 15-20

20
Q

How do you find the O2 content of mixed venous blood (CvO2)?

What is CvO2’s normal range?

A

Normal Range = 12-15%

21
Q

How do you calculate Cardiac Output (CO)?

what is CO’s normal range?

A

CO = HR x SV

(heart rate x SV)
-SV = stroke volume, blood ejected by ventricles.

NORMAL RANGE = 4-8 L/min

22
Q

How do you calculate oxygen delivery (DO2)?

What is DO2’s normal range?

A

DO2 = CO x CaO2

NORMAL RANGE = 1000ml/min

note
you may have to multiply CO by 10 to convert units…
-So it should be [CO(10)] x CaO2 in our class.

23
Q

How do you calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

[Systolic BP + (2 x Diastolic)] / 3

24
Q

How do you calculate oxygen extraction ratio (O2 ER)?

Normal range for O2 ER?

A

C(a-v)O2/ CaO2

Normal value: 0.25 (tissue extracts 25% of CaO2)

25
Q

How do you calculate O2 content?

A

O2 content = (PO2) (0.003) + (Hb content) (1.34) (Hb02% sat)

26
Q

What is the Alveolar air equation (PaO2)?

A

[(PB-47) X FiO2] – (PaCO2/0.8)

What limit affects us from using 0.8?
-when fi02 is greater than or equal to 0.6

27
Q

What is the A-a gradient?

more specifically the equation?

A

PA02- Pa02.

Norm = 5-10

28
Q

P/F Ratio?

A

PaO2/FiO2

Normal > 400

29
Q

How do you calculate O2 consumption (VO2)?

Normal value for O2 Consumption?

A

VO2 = CO x C(a-v)O2

Normal value = 250 mL/min

30
Q

Ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q)?

Normal value + absolute dead space/shunt?

A

Ventilation/cardiac output

31
Q

How do you calculate the dead space to tidal volume ratio (Vd/VT)?

A

(Vd/VT) = (PaCO2 - PeCO2) / PaCO2

Normal Value = 20-40%

32
Q

How do you calculate alveolar ventilation (Va)?

A

Va = (Vt - Vd) x F

F = respiratory rate

33
Q

How do you calculate minute ventilation (Ve)?

A

(Vt x F)

34
Q

What are the formulas for the following:

Transpulmonary pressure

Transthoracic pressure

Transairway pressure

Focus of question: what do each describe?

(edit later)

A
35
Q

Hydrostatic pressure formula

A

Phydro = gravity x density x height

G = 9.81
D = 1000 (if unknown)? Other wise D=m/v

36
Q

Tobins score

A

Normal range < 100

RR / Vt (in Litres)

37
Q

What is the purpose of Tobin’s score?

A

Spontaneous breathing trial

38
Q

How does 2-3 DPG (diphoshoglycerate) effect the Oxyhemoglobin Curve?

A

2,3 DPG is a molecule that makes O2 to Hb bind weaker.

  • w/o DPG the binding will be too strong which causes no unloading of O2
  • Increased lvls during alkalosis, chronic hypoxemia, anemia
  • Decreased lvls durign acidosis
39
Q

Oxyhemoglobin Curve: What does a right shift imply?

A

Decreased affinity for O2 caused by:
- Acute acidosis
- high CO2 (Bohr effect)
- Increased temp
- Increased 2,3 DPG
- Abnormal hemoglobin’s

40
Q

Oxyhemoglobin Curve: What does a left shift imply?

A

Increased affinity for O2 caused by:

  • Acute alkalosis
  • decreased PCO2 + increased O2 (Haldane effect)
  • Decreased temp
  • low levels 2,3 DPG
  • Carboxyhemoglobin
  • Methemoglobin
  • Abnormal hemoglobin
  • fetal Hb
41
Q

Oxyhemoglobin Curve: What does affinity for O2 mean?

  • What do left and right shifts in the curve mean?
A

High affinity promotes O2 uptake by Hb

Low affinity promotes O2 drop off by Hb

RT General Review (42 decks)

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