Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RT General Review > Conditions and Treatments > Flashcards

Conditions and Treatments Flashcards

1
Q

Ataxia

A

Describes poor muscle control that causes clumsy voluntary movements

  • usually a result of trauma.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pulsus paradox

A

is when systolic P drops more than 10 mmHg on inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lethargic

A

Sleepy, arouses easily
Responds to verbal/painful stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Stuporous

A

Does not completely wake up.

  • still responds to pain.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]

A

A chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pleural effusion

A

is the build-up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pneumonia

A

An infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs

  • The fluids filled in these areas are usually phlegm or pus.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pneumothorax

A

A collapsed lung occurs when air escapes from the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Asthma

A

condition in which your airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Jugular vein distention [JVD]

A

Occurs when there’s any kind of backup of blood in the superior vena cava or in the heart itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dyspnea

A

Perceived SOB or difficulty breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Orthopnea and what does it indicate?

A
  • Inability to breathe when lying down
  • associated with heart failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Trepopnea

A

difficulty lying on one side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Platypnea

A

dyspnea in the upright position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A

Sudden onset,
occurs during sleep in the recumbent position, often associated with cough/heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Atelectasis

A

A complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung

Bonus

  • It occurs when the tiny air sacs (alveoli) within the lung become deflated or possibly filled with alveolar fluid.
  • Atelectasis is one of the most common breathing (respiratory) complications after surgery.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tension pneumothorax

A

when a pneumothorax creates a one way valve that continuously pressurizes the pleural space

  • Air cannot leave.
  • **where intrapleural pressure exceeds intra alveolar pressure
  • Check valve, air moves in but cannot move out -> emergent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Spontaneous pneumothorax

A

the sudden onset of a collapsed lung without any apparent cause

usually due to trauma injury or lung disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hoover sign

A

Flattening of the diaphragm due to hyperinflation.

(seen in CF, COPD, Asthma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Respiratory alternans

A

alternation of chest and stomach rising
another sign of respiratory fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Emphysema

A

A lung condition that causes shortness of breath.
-It is a chronic condition.

Caused:
Alveoli are damaged/weakened
-causes large air spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Stenosis

A

Narrowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hemorrhage

A

An escape of blood from ruptured blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ischemia

A

Condition in which the blood flow (and oxygen as a result) is restricted/reduced in a part of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Abdominal paradox

A

sign of fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When and why would does Cheyne Stokes occur?

A

Occurs with low cardiac output
CHF
low blood flow = lag in ventilatory response

27
Q

When and why would Biots respiration occur

A

Occurs with increased intracranial pressure

28
Q

why would apneustic breathing happen?

A

occurs with damage to the pons
(section of brain that handles manages inspiration)

29
Q

Key differences between a Transudate and Exudate pleural effusion.

A
  • Transudative effusions are caused by combinations of increased hydrostatic pressure and decreased plasma oncotic pressure.
  • Exudative effusions result from increased capillary permeability, leading to leakage of protein, cells, and other serum constituents
30
Q

Obstructive lung disease vs Restrictive lung disease

A

Obstructive = make it hard to exhale all the air in lungs.

Restrictive = difficulty fully expanding lungs with air.

Both share SOB with exertion.

31
Q

Fluids that separate parietal from visceral pleura

A

Empyema
Chylothorax (fatty)
Hemothorax

32
Q

Traits of a Transudative Pleural Effusion

A

Pleura remains intact.

Non-inflammatory pleural effusion seen from: CHF, Liver Cirrhosis (scarring), Nephrotic syndrome

33
Q

Trats of a Exudative Pleural Effusion

A

Localized ruptures of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, lung abscess, or esophagus.

Infections.

Associated with respiratory and metabolic acidosis.

34
Q

Signs and Symptoms for: Pleural Effusion

A

Tachypnea and Tachycardia
Pleuritic chest pain
Hypertension
non-productive cough
diminished breath sounds
dull percussion notes

35
Q

Treatment for pleural effusion

A

Thoracentesis or pleuronectids.

AKA PUNCTURE

36
Q

Cardiogenic pulmonary edema

A

Leaking of fluid with each heart beat.

When inadequate pump function increases pressure in pulmonary capillaries forcing fluid to leak into the space between capillaries and alveoli

37
Q

Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema

A

Massive fluid shift.

Results from injury to lungs and increases permeability. Causing fluid to overload and leak into alveoli (protein rich).

38
Q

Interstitial edema is often seen in what?

A

Cardiogenic pulmonary edema.

39
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

pressure on the heart occurs when blood or fluid builds in the space between the heart muscle and the outer covering sac (pericardium) of the heart.

40
Q

Signs and Symptoms of: Pulmonary Edema

A

Pink frothy sputum.

Wheezing + Crackles
Cyanosis
Cheyne-stokes respirations
hypertension
tachypnea + tachycardia

41
Q

What are 2 main treatments for managing pulmonary edemas?

A

Preload reduction treatment

Afterload reduction treatment

42
Q

Preload Afterload Treatment

A

Use diuretics (for fluid shift) and vasodilators

43
Q

Afterload Reduction Treatment

A

To decrease pressures on heart.

  • ACE inhibitors to reverse vasoconstriction
  • Beta Blockers to reduce HR
  • Oncotic agents like mannitol to pull fluid into circulation.
44
Q

What are alternative/extra treatments for Pulmonary Edema?

A

Oxygen therapy

Non-invasive ventilation.
-NIV (CPAP is great for suction clearance)

45
Q

What are the benefits to non-invasive ventilation?

A

Great for secretion clearance (CPAP)

Stents the airways open

Helps oxygenation intubation and ventilation

46
Q

Difference between Pulmonary Edema and Effusion?

A

Location of fluid buildup

  • Pulmonary edema is a condition where excess fluid accumulates in the air spaces and tissues of the lungs. This fluid buildup can make it difficult for the lungs to function properly and can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing. Pulmonary edema can be caused by a variety of factors, including **heart failure, kidney failure, lung infections, **and exposure to certain toxins.
  • Pulmonary effusion, on the other hand, is a condition where fluid accumulates in the pleural space, which is the space between the lungs and the chest wall. This fluid buildup can compress the lungs and make it difficult to breathe. Symptoms of pulmonary effusion can include chest pain, shortness of breath, and a cough.
47
Q

How do NMBA’s reduce ICP?

A
  1. They help facilitate mech. ventilation and reduce O2 consumption, which in turn decreases cerebral metabolic demand and lowers ICP.
  2. Reducing agitation via paralyzing can also promote more effective ventilation.
48
Q

What are 4 phenotypes of a Pulmonary embolism (PE)

A
  1. Thrombus
  2. Embolus
  3. Shower thrombi
  4. Saddle Emboli
49
Q

What is the difference between a embolus and thrombus?

A
  1. Thrombus = clot in a vein
  2. Embolus = clot on the move
50
Q

Why is a saddle emboli fatal?

A

The clot could Lodge at pulmonary artery bifurcation

51
Q

What are consequences of a Shower Thrombi?

A

Right sided heart failure

  • many clots could form
52
Q

What are cause of pulmonary Embolisms (PE)?

A
  • Fat, air, amniotic fluid, bone marrows, or tumors
  • DVT
  • Virchows triad
53
Q

What is virchow triad?

A
  1. Venous stasis (slow venous flow)
  2. Hypercoagubility (clots on clots)
  3. Injury to vessel lining
54
Q

How are Pulmonary Embolisms diagnosed?

A
  • CxR and d dimer test
  • CT or V/Q scan
  • Pulmonary angiogram gold standard
55
Q

What are treatments for pulmonary embolisms?

A
  • O2
  • Fast acting anticoagulants (heparin (note aPTT and monitor) followed by warfarin
  • Thrombolytics
  • Vein filter placement for recurring clots issues
56
Q

What is the difference between a closed and open pneumothorax?

A
  1. Closed = air does not have access to atm aka stuck in chest lining
  2. Open air goes right to atm
57
Q

What is a trauma pneumothorax?

A

Penetrating wound

  • Sucking chest wound (open pneumo)
  • Tension (closed pneumo)
58
Q

What is a spontaneous pneumothorax?

A

Secondary to COPD, TB, tall/Scandinavian men

  • May act like a tension pneumo
59
Q

What is a latrogenic pneumothorax?

A

Occurs during a procedure (ie. cannulation of subclavian)

60
Q

How is Cystic Fibrosis diagnosed?

A

Sweat test

  • > 60 in kids
  • > 80 in adults
61
Q

What gene mutates causing Cystic fibrosis?

A

CFTR gene mutation

  • Condon 508
62
Q

Placental abruption vs Placental previa?

A
  1. Placental abruption = separation from placental implantation prior to deliver
    (emergency)
  2. Placental previa = placenta covers the cervix (c section required)
63
Q
A

RT General Review (42 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions