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RT General Review > General PA Review Set 2 > Flashcards

General PA Review Set 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What measures can prevent early delivery?

A
  1. Tocolytics
  2. beta mimetics
  3. Antenatal Corticosteroids
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2
Q

What Tocolytics are used to relax/slow the progression of labor/contractions? (4)

A
  1. Mag sulfate
  2. indomethacin (or any other NSAID)
  3. Nitroglycerin
  4. Salbutamol (within 48hrs)
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3
Q

What are contraindications for Tocolytic use?

A

Hypoglycemia and renal failure

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4
Q

What is the difference between Omphalocele and Gastroschisis?

A

Both are fetal abdomen issues

  1. Omphalocele = protruding sac of organs near umbilical cord
  2. Gastroschisis = no sac, just organs
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5
Q

What is Eclampsia?

A

BP Crisis

  • > 160/110
  • Seizures
  • GERD
  • Oliguria
  • Headaches
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6
Q

What risks are associated with blood pressure disorders, such as hypertension or preeclampsia to maternal mothers and babes?

A

High maternal and babe risk, could cause

  • Placental abruption
  • preterm delivery
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7
Q

How would you treat or manage eclampsia?

A

Antihypertensive

  • immediate delivery
  • mag sulfate if not appropriate or stable enough
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8
Q

Normal RR and HR for newborns?

A
  1. RR= 30-60/min
  • Preterm = more erratic (>60 is tachypneic)
  • Periodic breathing - breathing with short period of apnea (10 seconds), common with preemies
  1. HR = 110-160 bpm
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9
Q

What is the oxygenation index (OI) used to assess?

A

Is used as a marker of respiratory failure

  • commonly used in pphn
  • Measures the amount of respiratory support needed to maintain a level of oxygenation
  • How much FiO2 is needed to maintain adequate O2 sats and PaO2
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10
Q

What does a high oxygenation index (OI) indicate?

A

Increased oxygen demand; higher = increased fiO2 demand = sicker pt

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11
Q

What is Mean Airway Pressure (MAP)?

A

MAP reflects the average pressure in the pts airway throughout the resp cycle during mech ventilation (average of PIP and PEEP)

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12
Q

Why is Mean Airway Pressure (MAP) important in oxygenation?

A

MAP contributes to alveolar recruitment and keeps the alveoli open which aids in improving oxygen delivery and v/q matching

  • aka increasing MAP improves lung inflation and oxygenation
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13
Q

What is a Empyema?

A

Pockets of pus that have collected inside a body cavity; they can form if bacterial infection is left untreated or fails to respond to treatment

  • develops commonly in the pleural space
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14
Q

How can you clinically assess if between a blood gas is arterial or venous?

A

If SpO2 >90%, PaO2 shouldn’t be less than 60.

  • if below, it could be a VBG
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15
Q

what is peripheral neuropathy?

A

When the nerves that are located outside of the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nerves) are damaged.

  • Causes weakness, numbness and pain, usually in the hands and feet.
  • Can affect digestion and urination.
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16
Q

What is Transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

A

A TIA is a stroke that lasts only a few minutes. It occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is briefly interrupted.

  • TIA symptoms similar to stroke but do not last as long.
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17
Q

What does an increase in Troponin indicate?

A

Heart or blood issue of some sort

  • Troponin is leaking into blood stream from heart
  • Check for hypovolemia
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18
Q

TBI protocol goals?

A
  • PaO2 = 80-120
  • PEEP up to 15 (max)
  • PCO2 high normal
  • O2 low normal
  • Need to verify and adjust —> if Pao2 >65
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19
Q

Nitric Oxide (iNO)

A

ppHn and refractory hypoxemia

  • verify and add more if needed
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20
Q

Heated vs cold humidity indications

A
  1. heated to mobilize
  2. cold to prevent drying
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21
Q

Indications of DKA?

A
  • Elevated glucose (blood sugar)
  • Acidosis
  • Anion Gap
  • Add more later……
22
Q

White blood cell (WBC)

A

4-11x10^9L

23
Q

Normal RBC?

A

3.8-5.2 x10^12

24
Q

Normal hemoglobin

A

120-160

25
Q

Normal Hematocrit

A

0.36-0.48 l

26
Q

Normal platelet count

A

140-400x10^9L

27
Q

Normal monocyte

A

0-1.1x10^9L

28
Q

Normal Eosinophil

A

0-0.7x10^9L

29
Q

Normal Basophil

A

0-0.3x10^9 L

30
Q

What is the function of Granlocytes?

A

Granulocytes are a type of WBC that contain the following in their cytoplasm:

  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinphils
  • Basophils

Granulocytes are apart of the immune response to infection

31
Q

What is the function of Granlocytes?

A

Granulocytes are a type of WBC that contain the following in their cytoplasm:

  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinphils
  • Basophils

Granulocytes are apart of the immune response to infection

32
Q

Neutrophil function?

A

The innate immune response, acts as the first responders to microbial infection. Engulf and digest (phagocytosis)

  • Enzymes are released to kill microbes
33
Q

Eosinophil function

A

Immune response to parasitic infections and allergic reaction’s

  • They release proteins to kills parasites
  • They modulate inflammatory response by releasing cytokines and growth factors as the allergic response (inflammation and damage)
34
Q

Basophil function

A

Mediation of allergic and inflammatory response

  • release histamines and other mediators during allergic reactions and asthma
  • Contributes to vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and smooth muscle contraction.
  • Release heparin (anticoagulant) to prevent blood clotting
35
Q

Neutrophil vs Lymphocyte function?

A

Innate (neutrophil) vs adaptive (lymphocyte) response to infection

  • Neutrophils are the first responders and are quick to act
  • Lymphocytes arrive after neutrophils as adaptive response
36
Q

Describe methods used to control ICP

A
  1. Therapeutic hyperventilation to lower PaCO2 causing cerebral vasoconstriction which decreases blood in brain.
  2. Extraventricular drain
  3. Mannitol (osmotic diuretic)
37
Q

How do spontanous respirations and PPV affect pulmonary artery pressure?

A
  • Spontaneous respirations increase venous return and can relax pulmonary arteries to allow more blood flow
  • PPV can cause a decreased venous return and can cause higher pulmonary artery pressure
38
Q

When do we measure CVP in the respiratory cycle?

A

End expiratory since intrathoracic pressures are affecting CVP less at that point.

  • Less significant if a catheter is in bc it is constantly measured.
39
Q

Describe the relationship between PADP and PAWP?

A

They should be similar if mitral valve is functional

40
Q

what do we need to monitor when giving ino to treat pulmonary hypertension.

A

hemoglobinemia: treat with methylene blue

41
Q

what would be an indicator of excessive peep?

A

increased cvp, pap and decreased pawp, bp, and co

42
Q

if untreated, what could occur with chf?

  • management stat?
A

pulmonary edema

  • tx would involve 1.0 fio2 with cpap of 8 to 10 followed by early furosemide
43
Q

What is reticular honeycombing associated with on a chest x ray?

A

Any interstitial lung disease

  • i.e pulmonary fibrosis
  • asbestosis
  • add more lol
44
Q

What are lung abscesses commonly associated with on a chest x ray?

A

lung abscess are usually associated with aspiration or any foreign object that goes into the lungs

  • The theory is that it necrotizing tissue in the lungs/aleovli and encapsulates it into a sphere
  • the lung marking looks like a sphere with a horizontal line through it on the chest x ray (half dark/white)
  • air/fluid filled cavity
45
Q

What is an empyema?

A

Collection of pus in a space

46
Q

What can decreased urine output perfusion indicate?

A

Decreased u/o can indicate decreased perfusion to kidneys

47
Q

Gold standard for measuring BP in neonates?

A

Umbilical artery catheter or intra arterial catheter

48
Q

What kind of drug is used as a bridging treatment until a solution can be found to resolve the underlying cause, such as the case in shocks?

A

Inotropes are used as bridging therapies until shock is resolved

49
Q

NICU inotropes

A
  • Dopamine
  • Dobutamine
  • Epineprhine
  • norepinephrine
50
Q

Abnormal neonatal HR

A

> 220

51
Q
A

RT General Review (42 decks)

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