Last Minute Endocrine and Reproduction Exam

Question 1

Intramembranous ossification

Describe it. Which bones?

Answer 1

Flat bones of skull and mandible

Condensed mesenchymal tissue is formed into bone

Question 2

Endochondral ossification

Describe it. Which bones?

Answer 2

Long bones

Hyaline cartilage is the model. Cartilage proliferates, then gets calcified, then is replaced by bone

Question 3

What is a haversian canal?

Answer 3

Where blood vessels pass in bone

Surrounded by concentric lamellae

Question 4

What is appositional bone growth?

Answer 4

Growing bones widen as they lengthen

Growth of bone by addition of bone tissue to its surface

Question 5

Describe the path of sperm from seminiferous tubule –> out

Answer 5

Seminiferous tubule
Tubuli recti
Rete testis
Efferent ductule
Ductus epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory ducts of prostate
Uretha

Question 6

Leuprolide
Gosarelin
MOA

Answer 6

GnRH continuous agonists – inhibitory on gonadal axis

Used to keep LH surge low in IVF, endometriosis/uterine fibroids, adjunct in prostate CA, central precocious puberty

Question 7

“Relix” drugs
Ganirelix
Cetrorelix

Answer 7

GnRH receptor antagonists

Used to control LH surge in IVF, metastatic prostate CA

Question 8

Neuroblastoma

Describe the basics

Answer 8

Neoplasm in adrenal medulla
Primitive cells with neurofibrillary material

Seen in kids below 5yo

Question 9

What are the short acting glucocorticoids?

Answer 9

Hydrocortisone

Cortisone

Question 10

What are the intermediate acting glucocorticoids?

Answer 10

Prednisone
Prednisolone
Fludrocortisone

Question 11

What are the long acting glucocorticoids?

Answer 11

Dexamethasone

Beclamethasone

Question 12

What drugs inhibit cortisol’s synthesis?

Answer 12

Ketoconazole
Etomidate
Inhibit CYP11A1 and CYP11B1

Metyrapone
Inhibits CYP11A2
SAFE IN PREGNANCY

Question 13

Mitotane

MOA

Answer 13

Kills all cortisol-producing cells in adrenal cortex

Question 14

Mifepristone (RU-486)

MOA

Answer 14

PR receptor antagonist used as abortifacient

At high doses, will also inhibit GR to treat Cushing disease

Question 15

What is DOC for giving glucocorticoids to a fetus in utero?

Answer 15

Dexamethasone (cannot be inhibited by 11BHDS2 in placenta)

Question 16

PTU and MMI

Adverse Effects

Answer 16

PTU
Agranulocytosis
Hepatotoxicity (Used in 1st trimester pregnancy)
ANCA + vasculitis

MMI
Agranulocytosis
Teratogen (Used in 2nd and 3rd trimesters)

Question 17

Tariparitide

MOA

Answer 17

PTH receptor agonist that works intermittently to cause OSTEOBLAST activation and bone accrual

Used in Osteoporosis

Question 18

Tariparitide

AEs

Answer 18

Increased serum uric acid
Osteosarcoma risk
Transient hypercalcemia

Question 19

Bisphosphanates
Pamidrolate, Alendrolate, Zoledrolate
MOA and AEs

Answer 19

Inhibits farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase to decrease osteoclast activation and differentiation

AEs
Osteonecrosis of jaw
Esophagitis (take on empty stomach sitting up)
Hypercalcemia
Renal impairment

Question 20

List the different kinds of insulin and their relative speeds

Answer 20

Fast acting: Aspart, Glulisine, Lispro

Intermediate: NPH, regular

Long acting: Detmir, Glargine

Question 21

What is released by acidophils?

Basophils?

Answer 21

Acidophils secrete GH and prolactin

Basophils secrete TSH, LH, FSH, ACTH

Question 22

Fibrous Dysplasia

What is it? What does it look like?

Answer 22

Benign, intramedullary prolif of fibrous tissue and bone

Osseous component is irregularly distributed and there is NO OSTEOBLASTIC RIMMING

GROUND GLASS APPEARANCE
Expansile mass, well demarcated in diaphysis

Question 23

What is McCune Albright Syndrome?

Answer 23

Multifocal fibrous dysplasia

• Precocious puberty
• Cafe au lait spots

GNAS1 mutations