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MHD > Childhood Development Disorders and Autism > Flashcards

Childhood Development Disorders and Autism Flashcards

1
Q

ADHD

Onset

A

Childhood onset, usually by age 12

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2
Q

ADHD

Ratio M:F

A

M > F

10:1

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3
Q

ADHD

Symptoms

A

Inattention- trouble paying attention/listening; losing things; careless mistakes

Hyperactivity- fidgeting, squirming, running or climbing a lot

Impulsivity- no forethought before behavior; impatient; interrupts others

Disruption of functioning across settings (school and home)

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4
Q

ADHD

Caused by….

A

Low dopamine levels

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5
Q

ADHD

Treatment

A

Stimulants: Methylphenidate

Nonstimulants: Atomoxetine

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6
Q

ADHD

Diagnostic criteria

A

Symptom onset > 12 years, duration >6 months

2 or more settings

Either Predominantly Inattentive, Hyperactive/Impulsive, or Combined

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7
Q

ODD

Symptoms

A
  • Often loses temper and argues
  • Hostile, defiant behavior towards authority
  • Annoys others
  • Spiteful and vindictive
  • Anger guided disobedience
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8
Q

Conduct Disorder

Symptoms

A

“More severe form of ODD”

Often bullies others
Destroys property
Animal cruelty
Starts fights
Skips school
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9
Q

What is a tic?

A

Involuntary, sudden and rapid movement or vocalization

May occur under stress

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10
Q

Tourette’s Disorder

Onset and M:F ratio

A

Onset: mean age 7

M: F = 3:1

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11
Q

Tourette’s Disorder

Cause

A

Increased Dopamine

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12
Q

Tourette’s Disorder

What is it?

A

Multiple motor and vocal tics, occurring every day or intermittently for over 1 year

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13
Q

Tourette’s Disorder

Treatment

A

Haloperidol

Clonidine

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14
Q

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Ages

A

Mostly age 7-11

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15
Q

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Symptoms

A

Fear, anxiety, avoidance when away from attachment figure persistent for over 1 month

Constant thoughts and fear of something bad happening to parents

School refusal (for fear of parents being harmed)

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16
Q

Describe Systematic Desensitization

A

Based on classical conditioning

Used to treat anxiety and phobias

Goal: replace anxiety with relaxation

Try to relax the person in presence of the feared stimulus

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17
Q

Describe Biofeedback

A

Based on operant conditioning

Using external stimuli to modify internal physiologic stress

Trail-and-error learning and repeated practice to

18
Q

Why is treating developmental issues early very important?

A

Family problems from childhood and adolescence affect brain development and can lead to mental health issues later in life

19
Q

Infants

Smiling

A

Smile is an innate reflex at birth

Infants show exogenous smiling in response to a face at 8 weeks

Social smile at 12-16 weeks

20
Q

Infants

When do first words typically occur? First steps?

A

First words - 10 months

First steps- 13 months

21
Q

Infants

Stranger Anxiety

A

Distress in presence of unfamiliar people

Appears at 6 months
Peaks at 8 months
Gone after 12 months

22
Q

Infants

When should normal separation anxiety disappear by?

A

By age 2

23
Q

What is resilience?

A

Qualities that help a person withstand many negative aspects of adversity

24
Q

What is child abuse and when should it be reported?

A

Tissue damage, neglect, sexual exploitation, or mental cruelty

Report if suspected

25
Q

What are some clinical signs of child abuse?

A

Broken bones in 1st yr of life

STDs in young kids

Soft tissue injury (burn, bruise, laceration)

26
Q

What children are at highest risk for abuse?

A

Younger than 4yo

Special needs (intellectual disability, learning disability, other mental illness, chronic physical illness)

27
Q

Children who are abused are more likely to…

A

Be aggressive in classroom

Perceive others as hostile

Solve problems with aggression

Be unpopular with peers
Have friends who tend to be younger

28
Q

Risk Factors for Childhood sexual abuse

A
  • Single parent families
  • Marital conflict
  • Parent or child with history of physical abuse
  • Social isolation
29
Q

Intellectual Disability

How does it present?

A

Developmental delay

30
Q

Intellectual Disability

Symptoms

A

Deficits in intelletual function

Deficits in adaptive behavior (not meeting standards for personal infependence)

31
Q

Intellectual Disability

Most common known cause…

A

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

32
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Facial characteristics

A

Small eye openings

Smooth philtrum

Thin upper lip

33
Q

Intellectual Disability

Most common genetic causes…

A

Down Syndrome

Fragile X Syndrome

34
Q

ASD
When is the diagnosis made? Why?

M:F Ratio?

A

Diagnosis before age 3

Often diagnosed due to 1. social relatedness and connectivity or 2. restricted activities or interests

M:F = 3:1

35
Q

ASD

Genetic Links and Potential Causes

A

Chr 15
Chr 11
(Monozygotic > Dizygotic twins)

Assoc with prenatal and perinatal injury

Increased risk if mom had allergies, asthma, or psoriasis while pregnant

36
Q

ASD

Cormorbid diseases

A

EEG and seizure disorders

37
Q

ASD Clinical Signs

A

Deficits in reciprocal social interaction

Decreased activities and interests

Delayed language development, impairment in verbal and nonverbal communication

No separation anxiety

Shrinks from touch

Stereotyped behavior and interests

38
Q

Rett Syndrome
M:F Ratio?

General development and symptoms

A

Girls > Boys

Initial development normal, then get REGRESSION

Symptoms: Hand wringing, small hands and feet, microcephaly

39
Q

Asperger’s Syndrome

Symptoms

A

Language normal
IQ normal
Higher level of functioning

Impaired social interactions and social cues

40
Q

Special Education Needs mandate that each child with developmental disabilities gets an…

A

IEP

  • Speech therapy
  • Occupational therapy
  • Communication assistance devices
  • Specific teaching techniques for autism
41
Q

What is “Shaping”?

A

Based on operant conditioning

Rewarding successive approximations to the desired behavior

MHD (57 decks)

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