- Often loses temper and argues - Hostile, defiant behavior towards authority - Annoys others - Spiteful and vindictive - Anger guided disobedience

Childhood Development Disorders and Autism Flashcards by Tom O

ADHD

Onset

Childhood onset, usually by age 12

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ADHD

Ratio M:F

M > F

10:1

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ADHD

Symptoms

Inattention- trouble paying attention/listening; losing things; careless mistakes

Hyperactivity- fidgeting, squirming, running or climbing a lot

Impulsivity- no forethought before behavior; impatient; interrupts others

Disruption of functioning across settings (school and home)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ADHD

Caused by….

Low dopamine levels

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ADHD

Treatment

Stimulants: Methylphenidate

Nonstimulants: Atomoxetine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ADHD

Diagnostic criteria

Symptom onset > 12 years, duration >6 months

2 or more settings

Either Predominantly Inattentive, Hyperactive/Impulsive, or Combined

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ODD

Symptoms

Often loses temper and argues
Hostile, defiant behavior towards authority
Annoys others
Spiteful and vindictive
Anger guided disobedience

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Conduct Disorder

Symptoms

“More severe form of ODD”

Often bullies others
Destroys property
Animal cruelty
Starts fights
Skips school

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a tic?

Involuntary, sudden and rapid movement or vocalization

May occur under stress

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Tourette’s Disorder

Onset and M:F ratio

Onset: mean age 7

M: F = 3:1

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Tourette’s Disorder

Cause

Increased Dopamine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Tourette’s Disorder

What is it?

Multiple motor and vocal tics, occurring every day or intermittently for over 1 year

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Tourette’s Disorder

Treatment

Haloperidol

Clonidine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Ages

Mostly age 7-11

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Symptoms

Fear, anxiety, avoidance when away from attachment figure persistent for over 1 month

Constant thoughts and fear of something bad happening to parents

School refusal (for fear of parents being harmed)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe Systematic Desensitization

Based on classical conditioning

Used to treat anxiety and phobias

Goal: replace anxiety with relaxation

Try to relax the person in presence of the feared stimulus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe Biofeedback

Based on operant conditioning

Using external stimuli to modify internal physiologic stress

Trail-and-error learning and repeated practice to

Why is treating developmental issues early very important?

Family problems from childhood and adolescence affect brain development and can lead to mental health issues later in life

Infants

Smiling

Smile is an innate reflex at birth

Infants show exogenous smiling in response to a face at 8 weeks

Social smile at 12-16 weeks

Infants

When do first words typically occur? First steps?

First words - 10 months

First steps- 13 months

Infants

Stranger Anxiety

Distress in presence of unfamiliar people

Appears at 6 months
Peaks at 8 months
Gone after 12 months

Infants

When should normal separation anxiety disappear by?

By age 2

What is resilience?

Qualities that help a person withstand many negative aspects of adversity

What is child abuse and when should it be reported?

Tissue damage, neglect, sexual exploitation, or mental cruelty

Report if suspected

What are some clinical signs of child abuse?

Broken bones in 1st yr of life STDs in young kids Soft tissue injury (burn, bruise, laceration)

What children are at highest risk for abuse?

Younger than 4yo Special needs (intellectual disability, learning disability, other mental illness, chronic physical illness)

Children who are abused are more likely to...

Be aggressive in classroom Perceive others as hostile Solve problems with aggression Be unpopular with peers Have friends who tend to be younger

Risk Factors for Childhood sexual abuse

- Single parent families - Marital conflict - Parent or child with history of physical abuse - Social isolation

Intellectual Disability | How does it present?

Developmental delay

Intellectual Disability | Symptoms

Deficits in intelletual function Deficits in adaptive behavior (not meeting standards for personal infependence)

Intellectual Disability | Most common known cause...

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Facial characteristics

Small eye openings Smooth philtrum Thin upper lip

Intellectual Disability | Most common genetic causes...

Down Syndrome Fragile X Syndrome

ASD When is the diagnosis made? Why? M:F Ratio?

Diagnosis before age 3 Often diagnosed due to 1. social relatedness and connectivity or 2. restricted activities or interests M:F = 3:1

ASD | Genetic Links and Potential Causes

Chr 15 Chr 11 (Monozygotic > Dizygotic twins) Assoc with prenatal and perinatal injury Increased risk if mom had allergies, asthma, or psoriasis while pregnant

ASD | Cormorbid diseases

EEG and seizure disorders

ASD Clinical Signs

Deficits in reciprocal social interaction Decreased activities and interests Delayed language development, impairment in verbal and nonverbal communication No separation anxiety Shrinks from touch Stereotyped behavior and interests

Rett Syndrome M:F Ratio? General development and symptoms

Girls > Boys Initial development normal, then get REGRESSION Symptoms: Hand wringing, small hands and feet, microcephaly

Asperger's Syndrome | Symptoms

Language normal IQ normal Higher level of functioning Impaired social interactions and social cues

Special Education Needs mandate that each child with developmental disabilities gets an...

IEP - Speech therapy - Occupational therapy - Communication assistance devices - Specific teaching techniques for autism

What is "Shaping"?

Based on operant conditioning Rewarding successive approximations to the desired behavior