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TEAS Human Anatomy and Physiology > Last Min Info! > Flashcards

Last Min Info! Flashcards

1
Q

anabolic rxn
- catabolic rxn

A

a rxn that builds larger, complex molecules (macromolecules)
- rxn that builds smaller, noncomplex molecules

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2
Q

carbohydrates can be easily converted to….

A

glucose

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3
Q

glycolysis

A

glucose being broken down by respiration or fermentation

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4
Q

what are carbohydrates made of?
- what do they break down into?
- what are they AKA?

A

C, H, O
- sugars, glucose
- polysaccharides

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5
Q

lipids are soluble in _____ solvents
- what kind of bonds do they have?
- fats
- fatty acids

A

nonpolar
- C-H bonds
- aka triglycerides, made of long chains of fatty acids
- chains with C at one end and a carboxylic acid group on the other

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6
Q

glycerides are ____
- 2 examples?

A

lipids
- fat and oil

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7
Q

proteins are ____
- peptide
- how are amino acids formed?
- what is a chain of amino acids made up of?

A

polypeptides
- a compound of 2 or more amino acids
- by the partial hydrolysis of a protein, which forms an amide bond
- a carboxylic acid group, an amine group, a central C atom, and an R group

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8
Q

enzymes are ____ with strong ____ power
- what is an unusual quality of enzymes?

A

proteins; catalytic
- they are not permanently consumed in their rxns

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9
Q

nucleic acids are broken down by ____ to produce shorter strings of ____ and ____
- olgionucleotides are broken down into….

A

enzymes; DNA; RNA
- smaller sugar nitrogenous units called nucleosides

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10
Q

RNA and DNA are _____ formed from ____, which are monomeric units joined by ____ bonds
- what is used to synthesize nucleotides for DNA and amino acids for proteins?

A

macromolecular nucleic acid polymers; phosphodiester
- nitrogen fixation

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11
Q

nucleic acids are important ____
- ____ is an RNA nucleotide
- nucleosides

A

catalysts
- ATP
- made of a 5 C sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one or more phosphates

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12
Q

there are ____ codons and ____ amino acids

A

64; 20

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13
Q

what is the start codon?
- stop codons?

A

AUG (methionine)
- UAA, UGA, UAG

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14
Q

DNA replication is controlled by ____
- helicase
- origin of replication
- replication fork
- each strand of DNA is transcribed by ____

A

enzymes
- enzyme that starts the deforming of hydrogen bonds between the bases to split the 2 strands
- where the splitting starts
- the portion of the DNA that is unwound to be replicated
- mRNA

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15
Q

what do viruses use RNA for?
- what are the 3 types of RNA?

A

to carry their genetic material to DNA
- messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA

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16
Q
  • rRNA
    -mRNA
  • tRNA
  • translation
  • transcription
A
  • can be used to study relationships between organisms bc it is not believed to have changed much over time
  • carries a copy of a strand of DNA and transports it from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
  • helps in translation and is found in the cytoplasm
  • ribosomes use transcribed RNA to assemble a protein
  • RNA polymerase copies DNA into RNA
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17
Q

what are Mendel’s 3 laws?

A
  1. law of segregation: there are 2 alleles and half of the total # of alleles are contributed by each parent organism
  2. law of independent assortment: traits are passed on randomly and not influences by other traits
  3. law of dominance: when 2 diff alleles are present in a pair, the dominant one is expressed
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18
Q

allele

A

a variation of a gene

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19
Q

co-dominance
- incomplete dominance
- polygenetic inheritance

A

the expression of both alleles so that both traits are shown
- when both the dominant and recessive genes are expressed, resulting in a phenotype that is a mix of the 2
- traits that are influenced by more than one gene, takes into account environmental influences

20
Q

what is a prime example of a case where there are more than 2 possibilites for what 2 alleles might be?

A

blood typing

21
Q

neutral atom

A

an atom that has an equal # of protons and neutrons

22
Q

atomic radius

A

avg distance between the nucleus and the outermost electron

23
Q

isotopes
- stable isotope
- radioactive isotope

A

atoms of the same element that vary in their # of neutrons
- isotopes that have not been observed to decay
- have unstable nuclei and can undergo spontaneous rxns which results in radiation being emitted

24
Q

stable electron arrangement
- bonding behavior
- how many electrons can there be in each valence shell?

A

when an atom has all its electrons in the lowest available positions
- determined by the # of the valence electrons
- 1st shell: 2
2nd: 8
3rd: 18
4th: 32

25
Q

ionic bonding
- covalent bonding
- hydrogen bonding

A

when an atom gains/loses electrons it becomes negatively/positively charged, turning it into an ion. a relationship between 2 oppositely charged ions
- atoms that share electrons. if the electrons are shared equally, the bond is nonpolar. if the electrons are shared unequally, the bond is polar
- the atom of a molecule interacts with a H atom

26
Q

covalent bonding occurs most frequently between atoms with ____
- ____ are more likely to form covalent bonds

A

similar electronegativites
- nonmetals

27
Q

if the electronegativity between 2 atoms is small, the atoms form a ____ bond
- if the difference is large, the atoms form a ____ bond

A

polar covalent
- pure nonpolar covalent

28
Q

what are the metalloids on the PT?

A

B, Sb, At, As, Si, Te, Ge

29
Q

intensive properties
- extensive properties

A

do not depend on the amount of matter or quantity of the sample
- do depend on “ “

30
Q

specific heat
- formula?

A

the heat capacity per unit mass
- Q= mc (change in)T
where c: specific heat capacity

31
Q

water has:
- ____ bonding
- high/ low specific heat
- high/ low heat of vaporization
- is ____, meaning it is attracted to itself
- ____, meaning it attracts other molecules

A

hydrogen
- high
- high
- cohesive
- adhesive

32
Q

hydrogen bonds are an important part of what 3 things?

A

proteins, nucleic acids, DNA

33
Q

what are the 3 passive transport systems?

A

simple diff, facilitated diff, osmosis

34
Q
  • facilitated diffusion
  • osmosis
A
  • occurs when specific molecules are transported by a specific carrier protein
  • the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable mem. from an area of lower solute concentration to one of higher solute concentration
35
Q
  • fusion
  • sublimination
  • deposition
A
  • melting (solid to liquid)
  • solid to gas
  • gas to solid
36
Q

the speed of the evaporation process is affected by ____

A

atmospheric pressure

37
Q

law of conservation of mass

A

in a chemical rxn, matter is neither created nor destroyed

38
Q

what are the 4 types of separation processes?

A

filtration, crystallization, distillation, chromatography

39
Q

in an acid base rxn, when a proton is donated, the base becomes ____ and the remaining ions form ____

A

water; a salt

40
Q

pH
- pH indicator
- halochromic

A

a measure of the concentration of H ions
- substance that detects H ions
- substance that changes color to indicate amount of H ions

41
Q

what is a commonly known weak acid?

A

acetic acid

42
Q

salts are formed during ____ rxns, are ____ compounds, and dissociate in water

A

acid base; ionic

43
Q

what are the following used for:
- graduated cylinders
- burette
- erlenmeyer flasks/ volumetric flasks
- pipette

A
  • precise measurements
  • dispense liquid
  • measure liquids
  • measure small amounts of liquid
44
Q

quantitative observation
- qualitative observation

A

when a numeric measurement is taken
- when something is evaluated based on feeling or preference

45
Q

positive control
- negative control
- independent variable

A

variable that researcher expects to have an effect
- placebos
- manipulated variable

TEAS Human Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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