Last Min Info! Flashcards
anabolic rxn
- catabolic rxn
a rxn that builds larger, complex molecules (macromolecules)
- rxn that builds smaller, noncomplex molecules
carbohydrates can be easily converted to….
glucose
glycolysis
glucose being broken down by respiration or fermentation
what are carbohydrates made of?
- what do they break down into?
- what are they AKA?
C, H, O
- sugars, glucose
- polysaccharides
lipids are soluble in _____ solvents
- what kind of bonds do they have?
- fats
- fatty acids
nonpolar
- C-H bonds
- aka triglycerides, made of long chains of fatty acids
- chains with C at one end and a carboxylic acid group on the other
glycerides are ____
- 2 examples?
lipids
- fat and oil
proteins are ____
- peptide
- how are amino acids formed?
- what is a chain of amino acids made up of?
polypeptides
- a compound of 2 or more amino acids
- by the partial hydrolysis of a protein, which forms an amide bond
- a carboxylic acid group, an amine group, a central C atom, and an R group
enzymes are ____ with strong ____ power
- what is an unusual quality of enzymes?
proteins; catalytic
- they are not permanently consumed in their rxns
nucleic acids are broken down by ____ to produce shorter strings of ____ and ____
- olgionucleotides are broken down into….
enzymes; DNA; RNA
- smaller sugar nitrogenous units called nucleosides
RNA and DNA are _____ formed from ____, which are monomeric units joined by ____ bonds
- what is used to synthesize nucleotides for DNA and amino acids for proteins?
macromolecular nucleic acid polymers; phosphodiester
- nitrogen fixation
nucleic acids are important ____
- ____ is an RNA nucleotide
- nucleosides
catalysts
- ATP
- made of a 5 C sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one or more phosphates
there are ____ codons and ____ amino acids
64; 20
what is the start codon?
- stop codons?
AUG (methionine)
- UAA, UGA, UAG
DNA replication is controlled by ____
- helicase
- origin of replication
- replication fork
- each strand of DNA is transcribed by ____
enzymes
- enzyme that starts the deforming of hydrogen bonds between the bases to split the 2 strands
- where the splitting starts
- the portion of the DNA that is unwound to be replicated
- mRNA
what do viruses use RNA for?
- what are the 3 types of RNA?
to carry their genetic material to DNA
- messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA
- rRNA
-mRNA - tRNA
- translation
- transcription
- can be used to study relationships between organisms bc it is not believed to have changed much over time
- carries a copy of a strand of DNA and transports it from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
- helps in translation and is found in the cytoplasm
- ribosomes use transcribed RNA to assemble a protein
- RNA polymerase copies DNA into RNA
what are Mendel’s 3 laws?
- law of segregation: there are 2 alleles and half of the total # of alleles are contributed by each parent organism
- law of independent assortment: traits are passed on randomly and not influences by other traits
- law of dominance: when 2 diff alleles are present in a pair, the dominant one is expressed
allele
a variation of a gene
co-dominance
- incomplete dominance
- polygenetic inheritance
the expression of both alleles so that both traits are shown
- when both the dominant and recessive genes are expressed, resulting in a phenotype that is a mix of the 2
- traits that are influenced by more than one gene, takes into account environmental influences
what is a prime example of a case where there are more than 2 possibilites for what 2 alleles might be?
blood typing
neutral atom
an atom that has an equal # of protons and neutrons
atomic radius
avg distance between the nucleus and the outermost electron
isotopes
- stable isotope
- radioactive isotope
atoms of the same element that vary in their # of neutrons
- isotopes that have not been observed to decay
- have unstable nuclei and can undergo spontaneous rxns which results in radiation being emitted
stable electron arrangement
- bonding behavior
- how many electrons can there be in each valence shell?
when an atom has all its electrons in the lowest available positions
- determined by the # of the valence electrons
- 1st shell: 2
2nd: 8
3rd: 18
4th: 32
ionic bonding
- covalent bonding
- hydrogen bonding
when an atom gains/loses electrons it becomes negatively/positively charged, turning it into an ion. a relationship between 2 oppositely charged ions
- atoms that share electrons. if the electrons are shared equally, the bond is nonpolar. if the electrons are shared unequally, the bond is polar
- the atom of a molecule interacts with a H atom
covalent bonding occurs most frequently between atoms with ____
- ____ are more likely to form covalent bonds
similar electronegativites
- nonmetals
if the electronegativity between 2 atoms is small, the atoms form a ____ bond
- if the difference is large, the atoms form a ____ bond
polar covalent
- pure nonpolar covalent
what are the metalloids on the PT?
B, Sb, At, As, Si, Te, Ge
intensive properties
- extensive properties
do not depend on the amount of matter or quantity of the sample
- do depend on “ “
specific heat
- formula?
the heat capacity per unit mass
- Q= mc (change in)T
where c: specific heat capacity
water has:
- ____ bonding
- high/ low specific heat
- high/ low heat of vaporization
- is ____, meaning it is attracted to itself
- ____, meaning it attracts other molecules
hydrogen
- high
- high
- cohesive
- adhesive
hydrogen bonds are an important part of what 3 things?
proteins, nucleic acids, DNA
what are the 3 passive transport systems?
simple diff, facilitated diff, osmosis
- facilitated diffusion
- osmosis
- occurs when specific molecules are transported by a specific carrier protein
- the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable mem. from an area of lower solute concentration to one of higher solute concentration
- fusion
- sublimination
- deposition
- melting (solid to liquid)
- solid to gas
- gas to solid
the speed of the evaporation process is affected by ____
atmospheric pressure
law of conservation of mass
in a chemical rxn, matter is neither created nor destroyed
what are the 4 types of separation processes?
filtration, crystallization, distillation, chromatography
in an acid base rxn, when a proton is donated, the base becomes ____ and the remaining ions form ____
water; a salt
pH
- pH indicator
- halochromic
a measure of the concentration of H ions
- substance that detects H ions
- substance that changes color to indicate amount of H ions
what is a commonly known weak acid?
acetic acid
salts are formed during ____ rxns, are ____ compounds, and dissociate in water
acid base; ionic
what are the following used for:
- graduated cylinders
- burette
- erlenmeyer flasks/ volumetric flasks
- pipette
- precise measurements
- dispense liquid
- measure liquids
- measure small amounts of liquid
quantitative observation
- qualitative observation
when a numeric measurement is taken
- when something is evaluated based on feeling or preference
positive control
- negative control
- independent variable
variable that researcher expects to have an effect
- placebos
- manipulated variable
