Integumentary System

Question 1

epidermis
- what is it made of?
- what does it not have?

Answer 1

most superficial layer of the skin
- epithelial cells
- blood vessels

Question 2

stratum basale

Answer 2

the deepest portion of the epidermis, made up of a single layer of cells that continually undergo division

Question 3

most epidermal cells are ____

Answer 3

keratinized

Question 4

keratin

Answer 4

waxy protein that helps to waterproof the skin

Question 5

dermis
- made of what?
- what 2 specific things does it contain?

Answer 5

lies directly beneath the epidermis
- mostly of connective tissues, but also blood vessels, sensory receptors, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands
- elastin and collagen fibers

Question 6

subcutaneous layer
- AKA?
- what is important to note about it?
- what is it made of?

Answer 6

hypodermis
- it is not actually a layer of the skin
- connective tissue that binds to underlying muscles

Question 7

what are the 4 types of cells found in the epidermis?

Answer 7

keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, merkel cells

Question 8

what are the 4 types of cells found in the dermis?

Answer 8

fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells

Question 9

keratinocytes
- found in epidermis/dermis?

Answer 9

most common cell in epidermis, arise from stem cells in the stratum basale, flatten and die as they move toward the surface of the skin, produce keratin: a protein that hardens the cell and makes the skin water resistant
- epidermis

Question 10

melanocytes
- found in epidermis/ dermis?

Answer 10

produce melanin: pigment that gives the skin its color and protects against UV radiation
- epidermis

Question 11

langerhans cells
- found in epidermis/ dermis?

Answer 11

antigen-presenting cells of the immune system (phagocytes), more common in stratum spinosum than other layers of epidermis
- epidermis

Question 12

merkel cells
- found in epidermis/ dermis?

Answer 12

cutaneous receptors, detect light touch, located in stratum basale
- epidermis

Question 13

fibroblasts
- found in epidermis/ dermis?

Answer 13

secrete collagen, elastin, glycosaminoglycans, and other components of the extracellular matrix
- dermis

Question 14

adipocytes
- found in epidermis/ dermis?

Answer 14

fat cells
- dermis

Question 15

macrophages
- found in epidermis/ dermis?

Answer 15

phagocytic cells that engulf potential pathogens
- dermis

Question 16

mast cells
- found in epidermis/ dermis?

Answer 16

antigen presenting cells that play a role in the inflammatory response (release histamine)
- dermis

Question 17

what type of homeostasis is the skin involved in?

Answer 17

temperature

Question 18

how is the temperature of the body controlled?

Answer 18

a negative feedback system consisting of a receptor, control center, and effector

Question 19

receptors

Answer 19

sensory cells located in the dermis of the skin

Question 20

control center

Answer 20

is the hypothalamus, located in the brain

Question 21

effectors

Answer 21

include sweat glands, blood vessels, muscles (shivering)

Question 22

vasodilation

Answer 22

happens to the blood vessels near the surface of the skin and releases heat into the environment to lower body temperature

Question 23

what are the 2 exocrine glands found in the skin?

Answer 23

sebaceous glands and sweat glands

Question 24

exocrine glands

Answer 24

secrete substances into ducts

Question 25

sebaceous glands

Answer 25

holocrine glands that secrete sebum. connected to hair follicles and secrete sebum through the hair pore

Question 26

sebum

Answer 26

oily mixture of lipids and proteins. inhibits water loss from the skin and protects against bacterial and fungal infections

Question 27

sweat glands are either 1 of 2 types of glands?

Answer 27

eccrine or apocrine glands

Question 28

eccrine glands

Answer 28

not connected to hair follicles, activated by elevated body temperatures. can be found on forehead, neck and back. secrete salty solution of electrolytes and water. are activated as part of the body’s thermoregulation

Question 29

apocrine glands

Answer 29

secrete an oily solution containing fatty acids, triglycerides, and proteins. located in the armpits, groin, palms, and soles of feet. secrete oily sweat under stress or anxiety. bacteria feed on it and produce body odor