General Bio

Question 1

what is the membrane of the cell made up of?

Answer 1

phospholipids

Question 2

where are transport holes found?

Answer 2

in the membrane, they are proteins that help certain molecules and ions move into and out of the cell

Question 3

every cell contains what 3 things?

Answer 3

nucleic acids, cytoplasm, a cell membrane

Question 4

what is the main role of ribosomes?

Answer 4

synthesizing proteins from amino acids

Question 5

what is the main role of the golgi apparatus/complex?

Answer 5

synthesizing materials that are transported out of the cell

Question 6

what is the main role of vacuoles?
- how many do plants have? animals?

Answer 6

sacs used for storage, digestion, and waste removal
- plants: 1, animals: small, numerous

Question 7

what is the main role of the vesicle?

Answer 7

moves materials within the cell

Question 8

what is the cytoskeleton made up of?

Answer 8

microtubules

Question 9

what are microtubules made up of?

Answer 9

protein

Question 10

what is the main function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 10

act as the transport system of the cell

Question 11

what does the mitochondria contain that is separate from that of the rest of the nucleus?

Answer 11

its own DNA

Question 12

what are the 4 functions of the mitochondria?

Answer 12

1. cell energy
2. cell signaling
3. cellular differentiation
4. cell cycle and growth regulation

Question 13

describe a mitochondrias structure

Answer 13

have an inner and outer membrane. the inner mem. surrounds the matrix which contains mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes. between the inner and outer mems. are folds called cristae

Question 14

besides the 4 main functions of the mitochondria, what other important process occurs in the mitochondria?

Answer 14

aerobic respiration

Question 15

centrosome

Answer 15

made up of a pair of centrioles, involved in mitosis

Question 16

centrioles

Answer 16

involved in cellular division, made in 9x3 arrangements of microtubules

Question 17

lysosome

Answer 17

digests proteins, lipids, carbs, and transports undigested substances to the cell mem.

Question 18

cilia ____ while flagella ____

Answer 18

sweep; whip

Question 19

what 6 structures does the nucleus contain

Answer 19

nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nuclear pores, chromatin, ribosomes

Question 20

chromatin

Answer 20

the DNA and protein that make up chromosomes

Question 21

nucleolus

Answer 21

made of protein, involved in protein synthesis, synthesizes and stores RNA

Question 22

nuclear envelope

Answer 22

made up of inner and outer membranes that are made of lipids

Question 23

nuclear pores

Answer 23

involved in the genetic exchange of material between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Question 24

what is the cell membrane semipermeable to?

Answer 24

lipids and proteins

Question 25

describe the structure of the cell membrane

Answer 25

contains a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic ends facing the external environment and hydrophobic ends facing each other.

Question 26

what is the role of cholesterol, glycolipids, and proteins in the cell membrane?

Answer 26

cholesterol: to add stiffness and flexibility
glycolipids: help the cell to recognize other cells
proteins: give the cell shape

Question 27

what kind of things will the cell membrane be permeable to?

Answer 27

oxygen, water, some ions, molecules that are soluble in phospholipids

Question 28

mitosis

Answer 28

cells replicate and the daughter cell is an exact replica of the parent cell

Question 29

meiosis

Answer 29

cells replicate and the daughter cells have different genetic coding than the parent cell

Question 30

where does meiosis occur?

Answer 30

specialized reproductive cells called gametes

Question 31

gastrulation

Answer 31

early phase in embryonic development where cells are organized into 3 germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. these cells then differentiate into tissues and organs

Question 32

what are the 6 parts of mitosis?

Answer 32

1. interphase
2. prophase
3. metaphase
4. anaphase
5. telophase
6. cytokinesis

Question 33

interphase

Answer 33

cell prepares for division by replicating its genetic and cytoplasmic material. can be further divided into G1, S and G2 phases

Question 34

prophase

Answer 34

chromatin thickens into chromosomes and the nuclear mem. starts disintegrating. pairs of centrioles move to opp. sides of the cell and spindle fibers begin to form. the mitotic spindle moves chromosomes around within the cell

Question 35

metaphase

Answer 35

spindle moves to the center of the cell and chromosome pairs align along the center of the spindle structure

Question 36

anaphase

Answer 36

the pairs of chromosomes (called sisters) begin to pull apart. when they are separated, they are called daughter chromosomes

Question 37

telophase
- what is specific about plant and animal cells in telophase?

Answer 37

spindle disintegrates, nuclear mems. reform, chromosomes revert to chromatin. in plant cells, a new cell wall begins to form. in animal cells, the mem. is pinched

Question 38

cytokinesis

Answer 38

physical splitting of the cell into 2 cells

Question 39

what happens during the first phase of meiosis?

Answer 39

chromosomes cross over, genetic material is exchanged, tetrads of 4 chromatids are formed. the nuclear mem. dissolves, homologous pairs of chromatids are separated and travel to diff. poles

Question 40

what is the result of meiosis 2?

Answer 40

4 daughter cells with diff. sets of chromosomes that are all haploid (they contain half the genetic material of the parent cell)