General Bio Flashcards
what is the membrane of the cell made up of?
phospholipids
where are transport holes found?
in the membrane, they are proteins that help certain molecules and ions move into and out of the cell
every cell contains what 3 things?
nucleic acids, cytoplasm, a cell membrane
what is the main role of ribosomes?
synthesizing proteins from amino acids
what is the main role of the golgi apparatus/complex?
synthesizing materials that are transported out of the cell
what is the main role of vacuoles?
- how many do plants have? animals?
sacs used for storage, digestion, and waste removal
- plants: 1, animals: small, numerous
what is the main role of the vesicle?
moves materials within the cell
what is the cytoskeleton made up of?
microtubules
what are microtubules made up of?
protein
what is the main function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
act as the transport system of the cell
what does the mitochondria contain that is separate from that of the rest of the nucleus?
its own DNA
what are the 4 functions of the mitochondria?
- cell energy
- cell signaling
- cellular differentiation
- cell cycle and growth regulation
describe a mitochondrias structure
have an inner and outer membrane. the inner mem. surrounds the matrix which contains mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes. between the inner and outer mems. are folds called cristae
besides the 4 main functions of the mitochondria, what other important process occurs in the mitochondria?
aerobic respiration
centrosome
made up of a pair of centrioles, involved in mitosis
centrioles
involved in cellular division, made in 9x3 arrangements of microtubules
lysosome
digests proteins, lipids, carbs, and transports undigested substances to the cell mem.
cilia ____ while flagella ____
sweep; whip
what 6 structures does the nucleus contain
nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nuclear pores, chromatin, ribosomes
chromatin
the DNA and protein that make up chromosomes
nucleolus
made of protein, involved in protein synthesis, synthesizes and stores RNA
nuclear envelope
made up of inner and outer membranes that are made of lipids
nuclear pores
involved in the genetic exchange of material between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
what is the cell membrane semipermeable to?
lipids and proteins
describe the structure of the cell membrane
contains a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic ends facing the external environment and hydrophobic ends facing each other.
what is the role of cholesterol, glycolipids, and proteins in the cell membrane?
cholesterol: to add stiffness and flexibility
glycolipids: help the cell to recognize other cells
proteins: give the cell shape
what kind of things will the cell membrane be permeable to?
oxygen, water, some ions, molecules that are soluble in phospholipids
mitosis
cells replicate and the daughter cell is an exact replica of the parent cell
meiosis
cells replicate and the daughter cells have different genetic coding than the parent cell
where does meiosis occur?
specialized reproductive cells called gametes
gastrulation
early phase in embryonic development where cells are organized into 3 germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. these cells then differentiate into tissues and organs
what are the 6 parts of mitosis?
- interphase
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
- cytokinesis
interphase
cell prepares for division by replicating its genetic and cytoplasmic material. can be further divided into G1, S and G2 phases
prophase
chromatin thickens into chromosomes and the nuclear mem. starts disintegrating. pairs of centrioles move to opp. sides of the cell and spindle fibers begin to form. the mitotic spindle moves chromosomes around within the cell
metaphase
spindle moves to the center of the cell and chromosome pairs align along the center of the spindle structure
anaphase
the pairs of chromosomes (called sisters) begin to pull apart. when they are separated, they are called daughter chromosomes
telophase
- what is specific about plant and animal cells in telophase?
spindle disintegrates, nuclear mems. reform, chromosomes revert to chromatin. in plant cells, a new cell wall begins to form. in animal cells, the mem. is pinched
cytokinesis
physical splitting of the cell into 2 cells
what happens during the first phase of meiosis?
chromosomes cross over, genetic material is exchanged, tetrads of 4 chromatids are formed. the nuclear mem. dissolves, homologous pairs of chromatids are separated and travel to diff. poles
what is the result of meiosis 2?
4 daughter cells with diff. sets of chromosomes that are all haploid (they contain half the genetic material of the parent cell)
