Immune System

Question 1

what is the function of the immune system?

Answer 1

protects the body against invading pathogens including bacteria, protists, viruses, and fungi

Question 2

the immune system includes what 3 things?

Answer 2

1. the lymphatic system
2. red bone marrow
3. leukocytes (white blood cells)

Question 3

describe how pathogens are filtered out of the body

Answer 3

tissue fluid enters the lymph capillaries > tissue fluid + lymph capillaries combine to form lymph vessels > skeletal muscle contractions move the lymph through the lymphatic system to the lymphatic ducts > lymphatic ducts dump back into the venous blood supply into the lymph nodes > lymph nodes filter the lymph of pathogens

Question 4

where are lymph nodes located?

Answer 4

neck, armpits, groin

Question 5

where do we have lymphatic tissue?

Answer 5

tonsils, adenoids, thymus, spleen, and Peyer’s patches

Question 6

what is the thymus’ role in the immune system?

Answer 6

serves as a maturation chamber for the immature T cells that are formed in the bone marrow

Question 7

what is the spleen’s role in the immune system?

Answer 7

cleans the blood of dead cells and pathogens

Question 8

Peyer’s patches

Answer 8

located in the small intestine, protect the digestive system from pathogens

Question 9

what are the body’s 5 general immune defenses?

Answer 9

1. skin
2. ciliated mucous membranes: cilia sweep pathogens out of respiratory tract
3. glandular secretions: secretions from exocrine glands destroy bacteria
4. gastric secretions: gastric acid destroys pathogens
5. normal bacterial populations: compete with pathogens in the gut and vagina

Question 10

phagocytes

Answer 10

pair up w inflammation responses to mobilize white blood cells and chemical reactions to stop infection

Question 11

plasma proteins

Answer 11

act as the complement system to repel bacteria and pathogens

Question 12

what are the 3 types of white blood cells that form the foundation of the immune system?

Answer 12

1. macrophages: phagocytes that alert T cells to the presence of foreign substances
2. T lymphocytes: directly attack cells infected by viruses and bacteria
3. B lymphocytes: target specific bacteria for destruction

Question 13

what 3 cells (not including the 3 main white blood cells) contribute to the body’s defense?

Answer 13

1. memory cells
2. suppressor T cells
3. helper T cells

Question 14

what are the 2 types of immune responses and when is each used?

Answer 14

1. antibody mediated: in response to an antigen
2. cell mediated: in response to an already infected cell

Question 15

what happens when an invader that has previously attacked the body returns?

Answer 15

it is immediately recognized and a secondary immune response occurs

Question 16

where are leukocytes produced?

Answer 16

red bone marrow

Question 17

leukocytes can be classified as what 5 things?

Answer 17

monocytes, granulocytes, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells

Question 18

Where are macrophages found?
- what is important to know about them?

Answer 18

found in lymphatic tissue, are the largest phagocytes that engulf and destroy pathogens

Question 19

dendritic cells

Answer 19

present antigens (foreign particles) to T cells

Question 20

neutrophils

Answer 20

short living phagocytes that respond quickly to invaders

Question 21

basophils

Answer 21

alert the body of invasion

Question 22

eosinophils

Answer 22

phagocytes that defend against multicellular invaders

Question 23

what are the 4 types of T lymphocytes?
- what are T lymphocytes AKA?

Answer 23

helper T cells, killer T cells, suppressor T cells, memory T cells
- T cells

Question 24

helper T cells

Answer 24

help the body fight infections by producing antibodies and other chemicals

Question 25

killer T cells

Answer 25

destroy cells that are infected with a virus or pathogen and tumor cells

Question 26

suppressor T cells

Answer 26

suppress other T cells when the battle is over

Question 27

memory T cells

Answer 27

remain in the blood on alert incase the invader attacks again

Question 28

B lymphocytes
- AKA?

Answer 28

produce antibodies
- B cells

Question 29

antigens

Answer 29

substances that stimulate the immune system

Question 30

antibodies

Answer 30

are produced for each antigen that enters the body

Question 31

describe what happens when a pathogen or foreign substance enters the body

Answer 31

the pathogen is engulfed by a macrophage > macrophage presents fragments of the antigen on its surface > helper T cells + macrophage > killer B cells and T cells are activated > killer T cells destroy cells presenting the same antigens > B cells differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells

Question 32

plasma cells

Answer 32

produce antibodies specific to that pathogen or foreign substance

Question 33

innate immune system
- can it be acquired naturally/ artificially?

Answer 33

protects an individual from pathogens so that when an individual encounters infection or has an immunization, the individual develops an adaptive immunity that reacts to pathogens
- both

Question 34

naturally acquired active immunity
- artificial acquired immunity

Answer 34

natural because the individual is exposed and acquires immunity without immunization
- artificial because the individual acquires immunity artificially (by a vaccine)

Question 35

naturally acquired passive immunity
- artificially acquired passive immunity

Answer 35

natural because the antibodies are acquired during pregnancy as they move from the mothers bloodstream to the fetus. can also be transferred from a mothers breastmilk
- immunization that is given in outbreaks or emergency situations