Language

Question 1

What is language

What are the characteristics of language

What is communication

Functions of communication

Process of communication

Answer 1

David crystal
Language is a system of conventional spoken,manual or written signs by means of which humans of a social group express themselves.

The functions of lan: communication, identity display, imaginative function, emotional release.

Dash and Dash,2007
Language is human 
Language is primarily speech
Language is symbolic
Language is arbitrary
Language is systematic
Language is cultural phenomena 
Language is a social activity 
Language is conventional

Communication
Transfer of messages and info from one agent to the other.
Cabeza and Kingstone,2001
Exchange if thoughts, messages and information that happens by speech, visuals, signs, writings and behavior.

Language is not the only means of communication

Finachchiaro and Brumfit, 1983
Functions of communication
Personal - communicating for personal reasons
Clarifying thoughts, feelings
Expressing
Expressing thought of morality intellectuality and sociality.
Expressing everyday feelings of hunger, thirst

Interpersonal - communicating for sharing thoughts, ideas messages, info with others

• interpersonal relationships
• expressing joy success sadness with others
• apologizing , agreeing, declining
• arguing and. Debating

Directive - communicating to influence the actions of others
Suggesting ,
Requesting permission, commanding, forbidding, responding

Referential- communicating to talk, report and revise whats already being said
Summarizing, paraphrasing, translating, explaining, describing, comparing and contrasting

Imaginative : communicating to widen out vison
, taste, about a imaginative creativity of ourselves or others
Discussing about a poem or story
Telling a story

Konor.2011 there are four stages of communication
Ideation- selection of the idea to be communicated

Encoding- arranging the abstract idea in the shape if sounds, words sentences, gestures, or signs

Decoding - translation or conversion of the received stimuli, into a thought that can be understood

Response- the action or the reaction that shows the comprehension of the receiver,
Indication of the success of the transmission.

Question 2

What is speaking

What is speaking skill

Benefits of developing speaking skills

Who is a speaker

What are the characteristics of a good speaker

Answer 2

Speaking is the act if making vocal sounds
Or conveying messages from one person to the others

Speaking skills is not only speaking, but developing the ability to communicate effectively.

Benefits 
Become a well rounded communicator
Boost confidence 
Acquire audience attention 
Career  success 
The ability to influence people
Develop the strategies ti  to overcome challenges when learning ESL

Speaker : mayhard,2007
A person or a locutionary agent that engage in a linguistic activity to reach the goal of communication

Burns and Joyce,1997
Effective speaker is able to turn take, rephrase and give feedback

Unrburn, 2007
Characteristics of a good speaker
•listens to him critically
•control his/her voice
• avoid vocal mistakes
• speak clearly 
•use dynamics
• use powerful vocabulary 
•relate to the audience 
• control body language
• knows rooms for improvement