Brown's Principles

Question 1

Brown’s principles in teaching speaking

Answer 1

1) use techniques thats cover a spectrum of learner needs
Accuracy ➡️ fluency.
Interaction
Facilitating perception and usage.
Language based focus ➡️ meaning based focus.

2) use techniques that are intrinsically motivating.
•Make use of students interests, abilities, goals, cultural info in designing lessons/techniques.
• Benefit of the activities.
•making students self propelled to achieve final objective.

3) encourage the use of authentic language in meaningful contexts.
• students see the relevance of the activities ➡️ long term communicative goals
• use poems, speeches, public announcements

4) Provide appropriate feedback and correction
Right type of feed back, right time
Constructive criticism, delayed feedback, on the spot feedback

5) capitalize the natural link between listening and speaking
Listening 🔁 speaking

6) provide opportunity for students to initiate oral communication.

7) encourage the development of peaking strategies
- using conversation maintainance cues.
- asking someone to repeat
- attention grabbing hey, so
- using non verbal cues

Question 2

Brown’s principles in listening

Answer 2

1) in a skill integrated Curriculum do not over look the techniques that develop listening skills.
 •each skill special attention
 •aural communication- unobservable
 • all input ❌ intake
Therefore, techniques

2) use intrinsically motivating techniques.
3) utilize authentic language in context

4) carefully consider the form of listener’s responses.
•comprehension unobservable
• techniques
• Lund (1990)
Doing, choosing, transferring, condensing, extending, duplicating, conversing, modeling, answering

5) encourage the use of listening strategies.
- listening for key words/gist/details
- listening for speaker’s purpose
- making predictions.
- looking for non verbal cues

6) include top down and bottom up processing in listening techniques