Jack C Richard Listening

Question 1

What are the common problems in listening (Richard,2019)

Answer 1

Speakers speaking too fast
Accent variations
Listener’s cant recognize words when they hear them
Lack of cultural and background knowledge
Unfamiliar words
Requires effort and concentration

Characteristics of speech that affect listening 
Direct
Speech rate 
Accents
Colloquialism
Being contextual 
Stress rhythm time 
Processes of constructions
Reduced forms

Question 2

Listening as comprehension

Answer 2

Purpose - to understand what is said than how

Goals - recognizing and to act on the speaker’s intentions
Identifying info from the spoken text

Skills 
Listening for details 
Listening for gist 
Listening to make inferences
Listening selectively
Making predictions before listening

Processes :
Top down processing
Bottom up processing

Question 3

Bottom up processing

Answer 3

Process involved in teaching comprehension
That as Brown (2000) says proceed from sounds to words to grammatical relations to lexical meanings to final massage

As Richard 2019 says the incoming input is used to understand the message

In bottom up processing comprehension is a process of decoding
Inorder to understand the message the spoken text should f be broken down in to chunks

According to bottom up processing sentences composed of chunks
Chunks are the building blocks of meaning
Should recognize the correct chunks
Lexical, phonological and grammatical clue help to recognize chunks.

Develop the skills of 
Understanding time reference utterances
Identify key words
Identify referents 
Identify order in words in an utterance 
Identify sequence markers 

Botton up processing in teaching
Requires a good vocabulary and a sound knowledge about sentence structure.

Traditional teaching makes use of bottom up processing.

Activities : 
true and false
Multiple choice 
Dictation 
Find words from a list

Question 4

Top down processing

Answer 4

Another process to teach comprehension
That i
As Brown 2000 says evoked from a bank of prior knowledge and background knowledge the speaker brings to the text

Richard 2019 background knowledge is used to understand the message.

Background knowledge consists of contextual knowledge, prior knowledge and schemata

Skills that is developed
Inferring setting, speakers role and their goals, unstated info about situs, anticipate questions about the topic

Activities
Giving a topic and asking to create possible question and see if they are answered.
Listening to a part of a story and guessing the what happens next.

Question 5

Listening as acquisition

Answer 5

Based on noticing

For language acquisition to take place, noticing is a necessary phenomena
Through practices
Noticing is reinforced by restructuring activities

Noticing is facilitated bu presenting input at the correct level of difficulty

Without noticing fossilization occurs

Bottom up processing

Noticing activities: activities that require the Ss to return to the text
Ex: finding differences between a printed version of the text and what is heard.
Complete sentences stemming from a text
Multiple choice questions
Check off from a list

Restructuring activities
Oral or written activities that involve the productive use of selected items
Role play
Writing activities