Language 2

Question 1

Semantic network

Answer 1

Words that are connected by their meaning. Connected nodes are activated automatically.
Automatic spreading activation proven by experiment which tried to train participants to expect certain words after others. But this did not work out.

Question 2

When are nodes connected in a semantic network

Answer 2

• Through association: words occur together
• Overlap in meaning: like two types of food that wouldn’t go together but they are still both foods

Question 3

N400 amplitude

Answer 3

Indicates contextual fit of a word.
Larger N400 if word does not fit context, smaller if word does fit context.
Mostly words related by association produce smaller N400 waves

Question 4

Logogen model (John Morton, 1969)

Answer 4

Theory that there are devices in the brain called logogen’s. These logogen’s are specialized recognition units. When the there is enough input from auditory analysis, visual analysis, and context system and the threshold is reached then the logogen activates and the word is recognized. In other words then the word is accessed.
This model is bottom up

Question 5

TRACE model (McClelland and Elman, 1986)

Answer 5

Interactive model about lexical access. This model states that speech perception is based on a dynamic processing structure which is both bottom-up and top-down.
Activation is cascaded which means that units receiving input begin to send output as soon as any activation at all comes from other units.

Question 6

Word superiority effect (TRACE)

Answer 6

Individual letters are easier to process if they are part of a word

Question 7

Cohort model (Marlsen-Wilson & Welsh, 1978)

Answer 7

3 levels of lexical access:
1. Access: initial activation of multiple word candidates based on phonetic math with the first part of the acoustic input
2. Selection: one of the word-candidates is selected based on the rest of the acoustic input and context
3. Integration: meaning of the selected word is activated and integrated within the preceding message

This model predicts that context affects lexical retrieval during lexical access, so while processing acoustic or visual input.

Question 8

Modular lexical retrieval

Answer 8

Lexical retrieval is initially completed based on bottom-up info, and only subsequently integrated into the broader context sentence

Question 9

Interactive lexical retrieval

Answer 9

All information, including top-down contextual information, is immediately used in lexical retrieval

Question 10

Phoneme restauration

Answer 10

One phoneme in a word is replaced with meaningless noise. People hear the missing phoneme if the context is sufficiently restrictive

Question 11

Warren & Warren (1970) study on influence of context affecting lexical retrieval

Answer 11

They proved that context affects lexical retrieval in retrospect.

It was found that the *eel was on the orange.
It was found that the *eel was on the axle.
It was found that the *eel was on the shoe.

Question 12

Constraining and non-constraining sentence lexical retrieval

Answer 12

For non-constraining sentences the lexical retrieval takes place on the basis of bottom up auditory input (Nog nooit is een bok zo hoog geklommen), (bok en bot)
For constraining sentences only the contextually appropriate word (Nog nooit klom een bok zo hoog), (alleen bok en niet spin).

Question 13

Zwitserlood study on lexical retrieval

Answer 13

In bedrukte stemming stonden de mannen rond het graf. Ze treurden om het verlies van hun… (kapitein of kapitaal)
When sentence ends in kap.. there is no difference in priming for geld or schip.
When sentence ends in kapit… schip is primed over geld.

This is evidence for lexical retrieval while processing acoustic or visual input.