Deep Dive 1

Question 1

Assumptions artificial intelligence and human mind

Answer 1

• If we know how a computer generates knowledge and uses it, we will know how human memory works
• If we know how human memory works, we can make a supercomputer

Question 2

Collins & Quillian Model of semantic memory

Answer 2

It is a hierarchical network model. So it has categories which then have properties attached to them. Each category also has nodes underneath it which branch out. So e.g. bird which branches out to canary and ostrich.

RT depends on the distance in the network.

Question 3

Criticisms of Collins and Quillian model

Answer 3

• Theory has no explanation for typicality effects.
• Frequency of association is moer important than distance in the hierarchy.
• Also the theory can’t explain how NO-answers are created

Question 4

Level of category organization

Answer 4

• Superordinate (fruit)
• Basic (appel), fastest processing and best remembered
• Subordinate (honeycrisp)

Question 5

Learning regularities

Answer 5

A good classification is reached after many examples (40 or more). This learning is quite difficult.
The prototype is typically misrecognized as seen, even if it wasn’t.
This suggests that subjects induce a sort of prototype.
Amnesia patients can also learn this type of categories.

Question 6

Prototype theory

Answer 6

The closer to the prototype, the faster the response.
The prototype has no information on size of category or variability within category.

Question 7

Exemplar theory

Answer 7

What is this? questions are answered by retrieving instances from memory, exemplars.
Retrieve all birds and compare them to be categorized item.

Question 8

Prototype vs exemplar theory

Answer 8

Exemplar theory considered best but makes the weird remember all assumption.
Neural network models are able to incorporate aspects of both.

Question 9

Bartlett on semantic memory

Answer 9

He said memory is reconstructive. The contents of a memory are not preserved like an image on the computer. It is something that is reconstructed from bits and pieces of episodic memory which are fitted into semantic pattens (schemas).

Question 10

Schema’s in semantic memory

Answer 10

Schema’s can distort recall of semantic memory. However they also help with encoding.

Question 11

Scripts

Answer 11

A script is a schema with an explicit time ordering.
Originates in artificial intelligence.
Example: going to a restaurant. Has multiple steps that always happen.

Question 12

Semantic dementia

Answer 12

Progressive loss of semantic knowledge.
Word-finding problems.
Comprehension difficulties.
No problem with new learning.
Lesions mainly located in infero-lateral temporal cortext
First loss of subordinate categories, superordinate survives longest