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Biology 112 > Lab Test > Flashcards

Lab Test Flashcards

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1
Q

provides scientific names for organisms, describes them, preserves collections of them, provides classification for the organisms, keys for their identification, and data on their distributions, investigates their evolutionary histories, and considers their environmental adaptation

A

systematics

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2
Q

identifying, describing, naming, and grouping organisms in a hierarchical structure, does not directly infer ancestry

A

taxonomy

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3
Q

inferring groupings/relationships based on ancestry, often requires taxonomic descriptions/traits for inference

A

phylogenetics

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4
Q

a hypothesis of how taxa are related, represented as a branching tree

includes meaningful branch lengths, representing evolutionary distance or time

A

phylogeny

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5
Q

shows only relative relationships, branch lengths are arbitrary

A

cladogram

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6
Q

the name of a group of organisms

A

taxon

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7
Q

a branching point on a cladogram, represents the last common ancestor for all branches above/beyond the ____, corresponds to a particular taxonomic level or “clade”

A

node

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8
Q

a group of taxa that share a common ancestor

A

clade

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9
Q

a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor and all of its descendants

Everything connected up from a node

A

monophyly (monophyletic)

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10
Q

a group of taxa composed of a common ancestor and NOT all of its descendants

A

paraphyly (paraphyletic)

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11
Q

a taxonomic group that includes members from different ancestral lineages

A

polyphyly (polyphyletic)

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12
Q

the group of related organisms under current study

A

ingroup

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13
Q

a closely related organism that doesn’t belong to the ingroup, used for comparison and rooting the tree

Always branches off first from the root, is NOT the ancestor

A

outgroup

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14
Q

an observable trait of an organism

A

character

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15
Q

ancestral character state

A

plesiomorphy

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16
Q

ancestral character state that is shared among taxa; inferred to be shared due to common ancestry

A

synplesiomorphy

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17
Q

same evolutionary origin, but different form/function

A

homologous traits

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18
Q

derived (new) character state

A

apomorphy

19
Q

derived character state that only belongs to a single taxon

A

autapomorphy

20
Q

derived character state that is shared among taxa

A

synapomorphy

21
Q

ex: presence/absence of a character

A

character state

22
Q

character state that has been independently gained/lost in separate lineages

A

homoplasy

23
Q

similar function but different evolutionary origin

A

analogous traits

24
Q

when faced with multiple hypotheses, select the one that makes the fewest assumptions

A

parsimony

25
Q

when faced with multiple hypotheses, select the one that makes the fewest assumptions

A

parsimony

26
Q

a change from an ancestral state

A

derived character

27
Q

no nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, branched membrane lipids
Yes peptidoglycan
Introns are rare
Chromosomes are circular

A

bacteria

28
Q

no nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, peptidoglycan
Yes branched membrane lipids
Some introns
Circular chromosomes

prokaryotic, usually found in extreme environments

A

archaea

29
Q

Yes nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast
No peptidoglycan or branched membrane lipids
Introns are common
Chromosomes are linear

A

eukarya

30
Q

sunlight powers metabolic processes

A

photoautotroph

31
Q

inorganic chemicals serve as the energy source

A

chemoautotroph

32
Q

consumes chemicals or other organisms

A

chemoheterotrophs

33
Q

the transmission of DNA from parent to offspring

A

horizontal gene transfer

34
Q

three shapes of bacteria

A

bacillus, coccus, spirillus

35
Q

type of bacteria that perform oxygenic photosynthesis

A

cyanobacteria

36
Q

some organelles used to be prokaryotic microbes

A

theory of endosymbiosis

37
Q

spore-like cells that allow the cyanobacteria to exist in harsh environments

A

akinete

38
Q

specialized cells in cyanobacteria that are used for nitrogen-fixation

A

heterocyst

39
Q

supergroups within domain eukarya

A

excavata, SAR, unikonta

archaeplastida (not important)

40
Q

cytoskeletal morphology, modified or vestigial mitochondria, 2+ flagella

A

excavata group

41
Q

groups within excavata

A

diplomonadida, parabasala, euglenozoa, euglenida, kinetoplastida

42
Q

supergroup composed of: stramenopiles, alveolates, and rhizarians

A

supergroup SAR

43
Q

supergroup with tube shaped pseudopodia, contains amoebozoans and Opisthokonts

A

unikonta

Biology 112 (11 decks)

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