Lab Test

Question 1

provides scientific names for organisms, describes them, preserves collections of them, provides classification for the organisms, keys for their identification, and data on their distributions, investigates their evolutionary histories, and considers their environmental adaptation

Answer 1

systematics

Question 2

identifying, describing, naming, and grouping organisms in a hierarchical structure, does not directly infer ancestry

Answer 2

taxonomy

Question 3

inferring groupings/relationships based on ancestry, often requires taxonomic descriptions/traits for inference

Answer 3

phylogenetics

Question 4

a hypothesis of how taxa are related, represented as a branching tree

includes meaningful branch lengths, representing evolutionary distance or time

Answer 4

phylogeny

Question 5

shows only relative relationships, branch lengths are arbitrary

Answer 5

cladogram

Question 6

the name of a group of organisms

Answer 6

taxon

Question 7

a branching point on a cladogram, represents the last common ancestor for all branches above/beyond the ____, corresponds to a particular taxonomic level or “clade”

Answer 7

node

Question 8

a group of taxa that share a common ancestor

Answer 8

clade

Question 9

a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor and all of its descendants

Everything connected up from a node

Answer 9

monophyly (monophyletic)

Question 10

a group of taxa composed of a common ancestor and NOT all of its descendants

Answer 10

paraphyly (paraphyletic)

Question 11

a taxonomic group that includes members from different ancestral lineages

Answer 11

polyphyly (polyphyletic)

Question 12

the group of related organisms under current study

Answer 12

ingroup

Question 13

a closely related organism that doesn’t belong to the ingroup, used for comparison and rooting the tree

Always branches off first from the root, is NOT the ancestor

Answer 13

outgroup

Question 14

an observable trait of an organism

Answer 14

character

Question 15

ancestral character state

Answer 15

plesiomorphy

Question 16

ancestral character state that is shared among taxa; inferred to be shared due to common ancestry

Answer 16

synplesiomorphy

Question 17

same evolutionary origin, but different form/function

Answer 17

homologous traits

Question 18

derived (new) character state

Answer 18

apomorphy

Question 19

derived character state that only belongs to a single taxon

Answer 19

autapomorphy

Question 20

derived character state that is shared among taxa

Answer 20

synapomorphy

Question 21

ex: presence/absence of a character

Answer 21

character state

Question 22

character state that has been independently gained/lost in separate lineages

Answer 22

homoplasy

Question 23

similar function but different evolutionary origin

Answer 23

analogous traits

Question 24

when faced with multiple hypotheses, select the one that makes the fewest assumptions

Answer 24

parsimony

Question 25

when faced with multiple hypotheses, select the one that makes the fewest assumptions

Answer 25

parsimony

Question 26

a change from an ancestral state

Answer 26

derived character

Question 27

no nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, branched membrane lipids Yes peptidoglycan Introns are rare Chromosomes are circular

Answer 27

bacteria

Question 28

no nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, peptidoglycan Yes branched membrane lipids Some introns Circular chromosomes prokaryotic, usually found in extreme environments

Answer 28

archaea

Question 29

Yes nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast No peptidoglycan or branched membrane lipids Introns are common Chromosomes are linear

Answer 29

eukarya

Question 30

sunlight powers metabolic processes

Answer 30

photoautotroph

Question 31

inorganic chemicals serve as the energy source

Answer 31

chemoautotroph

Question 32

consumes chemicals or other organisms

Answer 32

chemoheterotrophs

Question 33

the transmission of DNA from parent to offspring

Answer 33

horizontal gene transfer

Question 34

three shapes of bacteria

Answer 34

bacillus, coccus, spirillus

Question 35

type of bacteria that perform oxygenic photosynthesis

Answer 35

cyanobacteria

Question 36

some organelles used to be prokaryotic microbes

Answer 36

theory of endosymbiosis

Question 37

spore-like cells that allow the cyanobacteria to exist in harsh environments

Answer 37

akinete

Question 38

specialized cells in cyanobacteria that are used for nitrogen-fixation

Answer 38

heterocyst

Question 39

supergroups within domain eukarya

Answer 39

excavata, SAR, unikonta archaeplastida (not important)

Question 40

cytoskeletal morphology, modified or vestigial mitochondria, 2+ flagella

Answer 40

excavata group

Question 41

groups within excavata

Answer 41

diplomonadida, parabasala, euglenozoa, euglenida, kinetoplastida

Question 42

supergroup composed of: stramenopiles, alveolates, and rhizarians

Answer 42

supergroup SAR

Question 43

supergroup with tube shaped pseudopodia, contains amoebozoans and Opisthokonts

Answer 43

unikonta