Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

the change in organisms throughout earth’s history

Today’s life is different from and descended from earlier life

“Descent with modification”

A

Evolution

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2
Q

Fixed ideal species

Scala Naturae (ladder of nature)

A

Aristotle

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3
Q

Creation and young earth

A

Judeo-Christian bible

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4
Q

Orderly, nested classification system

Binomial naming (ex: Homo sapiens; genus and species name. Genus is always capitalized and species is not; italicize or underline both)

A

Linnaeus

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5
Q

Fossils are a record of change over time caused by catastrophic events; emphasized the layers as pieces of history (called strata)

Catastrophism

Studied rock strata that mark relative ages and concluded that species changed because of local extinction

A

Georges Curvier

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6
Q

Slow, continuous processes –> geological features

Also called gradualism

A

James Hutton

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7
Q

Father of geology

Uniformitarianism: Geological process in the past occur in the same way as today

Earth is extremely old!

A

Charles Lyell

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8
Q

Physician and natural philosopher

“Natural Philosophy” on evolution

Wrote ideas that “forms minute” slowly acquired complexity over time

A

Erasmus Darwin

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9
Q

Linked evolution to adaptation

Extinct species have been replaced by descendants with new features (adaptations)

First to propose a mechanism for evolution: “use and disuse”; (use it or lose it)

Ex: you’re smart because your parents studied hard

Thought you could inherit acquired characteristics

Ex: I tan in the sun and my child has darker skin

A

Lamarck

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10
Q

Charles Darwin’s two theories

A

Descent with modification: all present life is related through “descent with modification” from a common ancestor in the past

Natural selection: is the mechanism for evolution and is not random

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11
Q

Part 2 of Darwin’s theory

A

Farmers can enhance small heritable variations by artificial selection or breeding

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12
Q

3 observations about the environment that support the concept of natural selection

A
  1. All organisms produce more offspring than is needed
  2. Most populations remain fairly stable in size
  3. Resources for life are limited
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13
Q

evidence in support of Darwin’s theory

A

direct observation, anti-biotic resistance, the fossil record, homology

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14
Q

structures derived from a common ancestor (but may be modified for different functions)– common ancestor, different function (sometimes)

A

homologous structures

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15
Q

examples of homology

A

vestigial structures, developmental, cellular & molecular

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16
Q

remnants of ancestral or homologous structures, structures with no present adaptive function

A

vestigial structures

17
Q

things that are the same in embryos

A

developmental homologies

18
Q

similarity of cell structures, proteins and DNA, corresponds to relatedness

A

cellular and molecular homologies

19
Q

unrelated species have similar adaptations (analogous structures) under similar environmental conditions

A

convergence

20
Q

Explains both the diversity and unity of life

Accounts for much of form and function

Can predict outcome of environmental change

A

the theory of evolution by natural selection

21
Q

smallest set of organisms that look alike

A

morphological species

22
Q

a set of organisms adapted to a specific set of resources (utilize different organic food sources)

A

ecological species

23
Q

smallest distinct set of organisms that share a common ancestor

A

phylogenetic species

24
Q

set of populations whose members potentially interbreed in nature to produce fertile, viable, young and do not successfully with other such groups

A

biological species

25
two individuals who can breed in nature and produce viable (living) fertile offspring
biological species concept
26
they prevent fertilization so that the fertilized egg doesn't happen types: habitat (ecological) isolation, temporal isolation, and behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation
prezygotic barriers
27
they act after a hybrid zygote is formed reduced hybrid variability, reduced hybrid fertility
post zygotic barriers
28
_____ increases diversity of life
speciation
29
a change in allele frequency over time. It does not make more species but leads to greater diversity with speciation
microevolution
30
Physical barrier isolates one population Hybrid zones may exist during allopatric speciation; post-zygotic barriers keep gene pools apart Isolated population diverges genetically due to natural selection and/or genetic drift(happens when you have a small population) Founder effect could reduce diversity and increase deleterious alleles Biological reproductive barriers evolve, creating separate species
allopatric speciation