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Biology 112 > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 bacteria shapes

A

bacillus, coccus, spirilla

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2
Q

bacillus are shaped like

A

rods

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3
Q

coccus are shaped like

A

spheres

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4
Q

staphylococci are shaped like

A

grape clusters

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5
Q

streptococcus are shaped like

A

lines of grapes

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6
Q

prokaryote structure

A
  • have a cell wall
  • many have a capsule or slime layer
  • some have hairlike protein fimbriae
  • many can form sex pilus
  • no membrane bound organelles
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7
Q

lies outside of plasma membrane, protects and prevents cell lysis, maintains osmotic pressure, made up of peptidoglycan

A

bacterial cell wall

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8
Q

what is the bacterial cell wall made of

A

peptidoglycan

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9
Q

gram stain reflects the

A

type of cell wall

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10
Q

gram positive (purple)

A

bacteria with thick peptidoglycan layer

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11
Q

gram negative (pink)

A

bacteria with thinner peptidoglycan layer plus outer lipid bilayer membrane

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12
Q
  • sticky carbs and proteins secreted outside of cell wall
  • adheres cells together or to surface
  • resists attack from immune system
  • holds in moisture
A

capsule or slime layer

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13
Q

help cells stick to surfaces and each other

A

hairlike protein called fimbriae

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14
Q

pulls two bacteria cells together for DNA transfer, forms mating bridge

A

sex pilus

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15
Q

the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact

A

conjugation

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16
Q

movement directed towards or away from a stimulus

A

taxis

17
Q

movement away or towards chemicals

A

chemotaxis

18
Q

movement away or towards light

A

phototaxis

19
Q

align with earth’s magnetic field with crystals

A

geotaxis

20
Q

movement is produced by

A

rotating flagellum protein fibers

21
Q

where is DNA located in prokaryotes?

A

the nucleoid

22
Q

functions of folded-in plasma membrane

A

aerobic cellular respiration, invagination, or oxygen-producing photosynthesis

23
Q

prokaryote DNA

A

genome, no histones, one chromosome, plasmids

24
Q

single double-stranded DNA that is circular

A

genome

25
Q

extra tiny DNA rings with few genes, replicate independently and add diversity

A

plasmid

26
Q

asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies, yields two identical cells

A

binary fission

27
Q

A differentiated cell formed within cells of certain Gram-positive bacteria that are extremely resistant to heat and other harmful conditions and agents

A

endospores

28
Q

importance of DNA mutations

A
  • Point mutations rare per division
  • High rate of cell division –> many mutations
  • One mutation can change phenotype
  • Mutation (except lethal) are passed on in clones
  • Selection favors best clones
    Short generation times –> rapid evolution
  • Rapid- evolution, more divisions=more mutations
29
Q

type of reproduction where:

no babies, genes go one direction, plasmids are exchanged

A

conjugation produces

30
Q

Type of recombination: DNA bits from ruptured donor cell are absorbed directly by recipient, homologous DNA exchanges with DNA in chromosome

Example of horizontal gene transfer

A

recombination by transformation

31
Q

type of recombination where DNA is carried by the bacteriophage, phages inject viral DNA into bacteria, and uses the cell’s resources to make more phages

A

recombination by transduction

32
Q

primary producer in a food web

A

autotroph

33
Q

most important decomposers on earth

A

chemoheterotrophic bacteria

34
Q

secretes enzymes that hydrolyze dead material/waste, monomers enter by diffusion/active transport, and metabolism releases Co2, N,P,K

A

chemoheterotrophic bacteria

35
Q

normally use O2 but switch to anaerobic processes if O2 is not present

A

facultative anaerobes

36
Q

require O2 for cellular respiration

A

obligate anaerobes

Biology 112 (11 decks)

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