Chapter 22

Question 1

3 bacteria shapes

Answer 1

bacillus, coccus, spirilla

Question 2

bacillus are shaped like

Answer 2

rods

Question 3

coccus are shaped like

Answer 3

spheres

Question 4

staphylococci are shaped like

Answer 4

grape clusters

Question 5

streptococcus are shaped like

Answer 5

lines of grapes

Question 6

prokaryote structure

Answer 6

• have a cell wall
• many have a capsule or slime layer
• some have hairlike protein fimbriae
• many can form sex pilus
• no membrane bound organelles

Question 7

lies outside of plasma membrane, protects and prevents cell lysis, maintains osmotic pressure, made up of peptidoglycan

Answer 7

bacterial cell wall

Question 8

what is the bacterial cell wall made of

Answer 8

peptidoglycan

Question 9

gram stain reflects the

Answer 9

type of cell wall

Question 10

gram positive (purple)

Answer 10

bacteria with thick peptidoglycan layer

Question 11

gram negative (pink)

Answer 11

bacteria with thinner peptidoglycan layer plus outer lipid bilayer membrane

Question 12

• sticky carbs and proteins secreted outside of cell wall
• adheres cells together or to surface
• resists attack from immune system
• holds in moisture

Answer 12

capsule or slime layer

Question 13

help cells stick to surfaces and each other

Answer 13

hairlike protein called fimbriae

Question 14

pulls two bacteria cells together for DNA transfer, forms mating bridge

Answer 14

sex pilus

Question 15

the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact

Answer 15

conjugation

Question 16

movement directed towards or away from a stimulus

Answer 16

taxis

Question 17

movement away or towards chemicals

Answer 17

chemotaxis

Question 18

movement away or towards light

Answer 18

phototaxis

Question 19

align with earth’s magnetic field with crystals

Answer 19

geotaxis

Question 20

movement is produced by

Answer 20

rotating flagellum protein fibers

Question 21

where is DNA located in prokaryotes?

Answer 21

the nucleoid

Question 22

functions of folded-in plasma membrane

Answer 22

aerobic cellular respiration, invagination, or oxygen-producing photosynthesis

Question 23

prokaryote DNA

Answer 23

genome, no histones, one chromosome, plasmids

Question 24

single double-stranded DNA that is circular

Answer 24

genome

Question 25

extra tiny DNA rings with few genes, replicate independently and add diversity

Answer 25

plasmid

Question 26

asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies, yields two identical cells

Answer 26

binary fission

Question 27

A differentiated cell formed within cells of certain Gram-positive bacteria that are extremely resistant to heat and other harmful conditions and agents

Answer 27

endospores

Question 28

importance of DNA mutations

Answer 28

- Point mutations rare per division - High rate of cell division --> many mutations - One mutation can change phenotype - Mutation (except lethal) are passed on in clones - Selection favors best clones Short generation times --> rapid evolution - Rapid- evolution, more divisions=more mutations

Question 29

type of reproduction where: | no babies, genes go one direction, plasmids are exchanged

Answer 29

conjugation produces

Question 30

Type of recombination: DNA bits from ruptured donor cell are absorbed directly by recipient, homologous DNA exchanges with DNA in chromosome Example of horizontal gene transfer

Answer 30

recombination by transformation

Question 31

type of recombination where DNA is carried by the bacteriophage, phages inject viral DNA into bacteria, and uses the cell's resources to make more phages

Answer 31

recombination by transduction

Question 32

primary producer in a food web

Answer 32

autotroph

Question 33

most important decomposers on earth

Answer 33

chemoheterotrophic bacteria

Question 34

secretes enzymes that hydrolyze dead material/waste, monomers enter by diffusion/active transport, and metabolism releases Co2, N,P,K

Answer 34

chemoheterotrophic bacteria

Question 35

normally use O2 but switch to anaerobic processes if O2 is not present

Answer 35

facultative anaerobes

Question 36

require O2 for cellular respiration

Answer 36

obligate anaerobes