Chapter 23 Flashcards
who was the first to observe protists
anton von leeuwenhoek
eukaryotic cell structure
cytoskeleton, microtubules, flagella, cilia, centrioles, microfilaments, myosin motor proteins
modes of nutrition
photoautotroph, chemoheterotroph
makes their own food via photosynthesis
all with chloroplasts with chlorophyll A
photoautotrophs
an organism deriving energy from chemicals
through absorption or ingestion
chemoheterotrophs
monomers cross plasma membrane by diffusion/active transport
absorptive
particles taken into cell by phagocytosis
ingestive
where did the nucleus and ER come from
a heterotrophic prokaryote gained nucleus and ER from enfolded plasma membrane
endosymbiotic theory
where did the mitochondria come from
gained from endosymbiosis of aerobic heterotrophic bacterium
______ have their own DNA which is circular, two membranes with proteins that look like bacteria
mitochondrion
where did the chloroplast come from
gained from endosymbiosis of cyanobacterium
serial endosymbiosis hypothesis
where did unique plastids come from
eukaryotic, symbiotic alga cells through secondary endosymbiosis
entire life cycle as single cell
unicellular
daughter cells remain connected together
colonial
cell specialization, interdependence, cell junction, communication and coordination
multicellular
nuclear division without cytokinesis
multinucleate
three types of excavata
diplomonads, parabasalids, euglenozoans
characteristics of excavata
unicellular, feeding groove, flagellated, and no cell wall
type of excavata
unicellular, multiple flagella, no cell wall, anaerobic, reduced mitochondria, most are parasitic
durable cysts consumed in water, causes diarrhea
diplomonads
type of excavata
unicellular, multiple flagella, no cell wall, anaerobic, reduced mitochondria, asexual, most are symbiotic
ex: trichomonas vaginalis-human vaginal parasite
parabasalids
type of excavata
unicellular, no cell wall, flagella with crystalline rod
euglenozoans
two types of euglenozoans
euglenas and trypanosomas
type of euglenozoan
free-living, aquatic, autotroph with green chloroplasts or heterotroph or mixotroph
euglenas
type of euglenozoan
blood parasite, causes sleeping sickness
uses vectors
trypanosoma
3 types of stramenopiles
diatoms, brown algae, oomycetes
type of stramenopile
unicellular phytoplankton, key primary producers, yellow and brown accessory pigments, silica walls, diatomaceous earth deposits, no flagellum, mostly diploid and divide by mitosis, when they get too small they do meiosis
diatoms
type of stramenopile
multicellular, mostly seaweeds, brownish accessory pigments, large thallose form, cell wall with cellulose and algin, ex: kelp
brown algae
type of stramenopile
filamentous, multinucleate, absorptive, superficially resemble fungi, cell walls with cellulose, filamentous growth is diploid, spores have feathery flagella
oomycetes
three types of alveolates
dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates
type of alveolate
unicellular aquatic heterotrophs or phytoplankton with reddish accessory pigments, pair of flagella in perpendicular grooves, many have internal cellulose plates, many are photosynthetic mutualists with corals, some are bioluminescent
dinoflagellates
type of alveolate
unicellular parasites of animals, no cell wall, apical complex helps them enter host cells, complex life cycles, ex: plasmodium and toxoplasma
apicomplexans
type of alveolate
unicellular ingestive heterotroph with no cell wall, aquatic, cilia for feeding and locomotion, both macronucleus and micronucleus divide, conjugation trades haploid micronuclei
ciliates
all alveolates have…
membrane-enclosed sac beneath the cell membrane
type of protist with chloroplasts from primary endosymbiotic event with cell walls, all include cellulose
archaeplastida
two types of archaeplastida
red algae, chlorophytes
type of archaeplastida
mostly marine, multicellular seaweeds, chloroplasts include unique red phycoerythrin accessory pigment; helps absorb light in deeper water, is a food source for humans (nori, ice cream), cellulose and unique cell wall polysaccharides
red algae
type of archaeplastida
green algae, most are freshwater, many marine, many with bi-flagellated cells, unicellular forms: phytoplankton, multicellular form: freshwater algae
chlorophytes
three types of amoebozoans
slime molds, tubulinids, entamoebas
type of amoebozoan
use pseudopodia to move and ingest bacteria, plasmodial ______ feed as multinucleate plasmodium, cellular ______ feed as single cells then gather as an aggregate when food is gone to form spores
slime molds
type of amoebozoan
unicellular, free-living, aquatic or moist terrestrial, moves with pseudopodia feeding on bacteria, protists, detritus
tubulinids
type of amoebozoans
unicellular parasites of animals, kills and feeds on host cells, spreads by durable cyst form
entamoebas
