lab quiz 7 Flashcards
renal physiology
kidneys achieve homeostasis by
regulating pH and concentration of ions and water in body fluid
how many nephrons are in the kidneys
one million
kidneys provide for
the elimination of waste products of metabolism
two main structures of nephron
renal corpuscle
renal tubule
blood is filtered first through a tuft of capillaries in the renal corpuscle
glomerulus
what is the rate of blood filtration
120 ml/min
major parts of renal tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
distal convoluted tubule
our kidneys filter out entire blood volume through the nephron
once every 30 minutes
tubular filtrate is similar to
blood composition except that large molecules over 70,000 MW are excluded ( plasma proteins)
what is retained in the filtrate
toxic by-products of metabolism and excess substances such as salt
how much urine is formed per minute
1 ml of urine formed per minute
an analysis of the urine
urinalysis
genetically unable to metabolise the amino acid phenylalanine
phenylketonuria
if accumulated in the body phenylaline converted to
phenylpyruvic acid
an accumulation of phenylaline can lead to
seizures
intellectual impairments
developmental delays
imbalance or deficit in the amount of insulin produced by the pancreas
diabetes mellitus
increase in fatty acid metabolites
ketones
increase in ketones
blood pH decreases
how to indicate diabetes mellitus
ketones and blood sugar in the urine with low pH
pH range in labstix test
abt 6
can range 4.5-8
protein in labstix
none
glucose in labstix
none
ketones in labstix
none
occult blood in labstix
none
pH of urine can be more acidic due to
high protein diet
respiratory disorder
dehydration
starvation
alkaline urine due to
high citrus and dairy diet
vomiting
urinary tract infections
cystitis
urine decomposes in the bladder with the production of ammonia
cystitis
presence of protein in the urine
proteinuria or albuminuria
high glucose levels in the urine
glycosuria
abnormally large amount of ketones excretion
ketonuria
what does ketonuria suggest
fat is being used as an energy source instead of glucose due to diabetes or starvation
blood not visible by the naked eye
occult blood
blood present in the urine
urinary tract infecetions
kidney stones
cancerous cells
a disease in which the glomeruli are damaged and plasma proteins and erythrocytes leak into the nephrons
nephritis
one of the kidneys main functions
regulate the osmolarity of the body fluids at around 300 milliosmoles per liter
dehydrated
small amount of highly concentrated urine
overhydrated
large amount of minimally concentrated (dilate) urine
the ratio of the density of a substance compared to the density of distilled water
specific gravity
normal range of urine specific gravity
1.0015 to 1.035
low specific gravity
chronic nephritis (slow, onset kidney disease)
high specific gravity
acute nephritis ( sudden, onset kidney disease)
the process of titrating silver nitrate to analyze the presence of chloride ions in a substance using potassium chromate as an indicator
Mohr Method
Urinometer is calibrated to give a correct reading only if
urine is at 15
for every 3 c above calibrater
add 0.001
for every 3 below calibrater
subtract 0.001
