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anatomy > chapter 12 CNS > Flashcards

chapter 12 CNS Flashcards

exam 2

1
Q

Functions of the CNS

A

integration/ interpretation of incoming sensory info
sending out a motor response to effector organs

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2
Q

4 regions of brain

A

cerebral hemispheres
diencephalon
brain stem
cerebellum

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3
Q

gray matter

A

contains dendrites, cell bodies, and axon terminals
function: all synapses are found in gray matter - allows neurons to communicate
unmyelinated

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4
Q

white matter

A

contains myelinated axons , mostly in fiber tracts
passes msgs between diff areas of gray matter
allows generatiin of APs and msg relay

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5
Q

in the brain (gray/white)

A

gray matter is peripheral, white matter is central
outer layer of gray matter - cerebral cortex

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6
Q

in the brain stem (gray/white)

A

scattered gray matter found within white matter

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7
Q

in spinal cord (gray/white)

A

gray matter in a butterfly pattern surrounded by white matter
central canal - found at center of gray matter

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8
Q

Ventricles of the CNS

A

hollow chambers found in the brain that are filled with CSF and lined with ependymal cells
2 lateral ventricles
third ventricle
fourth ventricle

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9
Q

2 lateral ventricles

A

one in each cerebral hemispheres
look like ram horns
intraventricular foramen : connects lateral to 3rd

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10
Q

third ventricle

A

found in dienchephalon
cerebral aqueduct connects 3rd to 4th
travels inferiorly

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11
Q

4th ventricle

A

found in hindbrain
continuous w central canal of spinal cord

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12
Q

cerebral hemishpheres

A

form the most superior portion of the brain, make up most of the brain by mass
3 regions: cerebral cortex, white matter and basal nuclei
gyri - ridges of cerebral hemispheres
sulci - shallow grooves
fissure separate larger regions of the brain

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13
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

separates the left and right hemispheres

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14
Q

transverse cerebral fissure

A

seperates the cerebral hemiosh[ers from the cerebellum

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15
Q

Lobes of the brain

A

Central sulcus: seperates frontal lobe and parietal lobe
Parieto-occipital sulcus: separates the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe
lateral sulcus - separates temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

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16
Q

cerebral cortex

A

portion of the brain where the conscious mind is found
functions: self-awareness, sensation, communication, memory, understanding/learning, initiation of voluntary movement

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17
Q

3 functional areas of cortex

A

motor areas: control voluntary movement
sensory areas: conscious awareness of sensations
association areas: integrate diverse information
associate something that has happened w something that is happening
Hemispheres are contralateral
right hemi is concerned info from left side of the body and vice versa

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18
Q

Motor areas of the cerebral cortex

A

Primary motor cortex
pre motor cortex
Broca’s area
frontal eye field

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19
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

allows for conscious control of skilled/precise voluntary movements
if u cant move issue w the primary motor cortex

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20
Q

Pyramidal cells

A

large neurons found in the primary motor cortex
axons of these neurons travel to the spinal cord in corticospinal tracts
synapse with and stimulate motor neurons

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21
Q

Pre motor cortex

A
  1. Helps plan movements by selecting and sequencing basic motor movements into more complex tasks
    - communicates plan to primary motor cortex
  2. controls voluntary actions that depend on sensory feedback
    - if a movement is sloppy issue w pre motor cortex
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22
Q

Brocas area

A

specialized motor speech area that directs muscles involved in speech production
becomes active as we prepare to speak
usually found on left side of brain

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23
Q

Brocas Aphasia

A

neurons in Brocas area destroyed/damaged so a person knows what they want to say but are physically incapable of speech

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24
Q

Frontal eye field

A

controls voluntary movement of the eyes

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25
Q

Sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

A

primary somatosensory cortex
somatosensory association cortex
visual areas
auditory areas
vestibular cortex
olfactory cortex
gustatory cirtex
visceral sensory area

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26
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

receive information from the general sensory receptors in the skin
general meaning not localized (scattered throughout the body)
the larger the body part, the more neurons are dedicated to that area of the body - increase sensitivity to sensation in larger body parts

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27
Q

somatosensory association cortex

A

integrates sensory input relayed to it via the primary somatosensory cortex
produce understanding of what is being felt (size , texture)
reaching into bag and knowing keys vs phone

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28
Q

visual areas

A
  1. primary visual cortex: largest cortical area
    - receive visual information that originates from the retina in the eye
    damage : loss of vision
  2. Visual association area
    - uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli: allows us to recognize things
    damage: can see clearly but don’t recognize objects
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29
Q

Auditory areas

A
  1. Primary auditory cortex
    - interpretation of sound from the inner ear as pitch, loudness, and location
  2. Auditory association area
    permits perception of sound stimulus and stores memories of sounds for reference : recognze sounds weve heard
30
Q

Vestibular cortex

A

allows for conscious awareness of balance/ orientation
maintain balance

31
Q

olfactory cortex

A

primary olfactory cortex: conscious awareness of different odors

32
Q

gustatory cortex

A

perception of taste stimuli

33
Q

visceral sensory area

A

allow conscious perception of visceral organs : the sensation of deeper organs
feel of stomach or bladder is full

34
Q

Lateralizaton of cortical functioning

A

A division of labor exists between the two hemispheres
division of labor: lateralization - left and right sides do things the other side might not

35
Q

Cerebral dominance

A

one hemisphere dominates a particular task
usually in reference to language: Broca’s area - left side dominant

36
Q

Cerebral white matter

A

-lies deep in cortical gray matter
-communication in the CNS: APs sent to different parts of the CNS
classification of cerebral white matter
1. Association fibers: connect different areas of the same hemisphere
2. Commissural fibers: connect corresponding areas of different hemispheres
3. Projection fibers: allow sensory information to reach cortex, motor output to leave the cortex
- contralateral

37
Q

Basal Nuclei

A

sometimes referred to as basal ganglia
deep to white matter in each hemisphere
filters out incorrect or inapporpoate responses relating to
- muscle movement
- emotions and cognition

38
Q

Diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

39
Q

Thalamus

A

relays sensory info coming into the cerebral cortex: makes sure sensory info is going to the correct part of the brain for interpretation
controls: motor activities, cortical arousal, learning and memory

40
Q

Hypothalamus

A

function: main visceral control center in the body
1. controls autonomic NS
2. initiates a physical response to emotion
3. regulates body temperature
4. regulates food intake
5. regulates water balance and thirst
6. regulates sleep-wake cycles
7. controls endocrine system function: controls secretion of hormones by glands

41
Q

Epithalamus

A

visual info about light surrounding us
pineal gland: more active as the sun sets
- secrete melatonin: become more tired
function : help regulate the sleep-wale cycle

42
Q

Brain stem

A

3 regions
1. midbrain
2. pons
3. medulla oblongata
Functions of the brain stem
1. produces rigidly programmed, automatic behaviors necessary for survival: no conscious influence on these actions
2. provides pathway for fiber tracts running from higher brain centers to lower brain centers
3. innervation of the head

43
Q

Midbrain

A
  1. regulate motor movement
  2. regulates hearing and vision
  3. alertness: aware of surroundings
  4. temperature control: stimulate the correct effector organ depending on body temp
44
Q

Pons

A
  1. respiratory control
  2. bladder control
  3. swallowing
  4. most functions associated with the attached cranial nerves
45
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  1. cardiovascular center: regulates heart rate and blood pressure
  2. respiratory center: controls respiratory rhythm and depth of breath
    regulation of vomiting, swallowing, coughing, sneezing
46
Q

Cerebellum

A
  1. receptors in the body relay info to the cerebellum ab body position, where the body is in space
  2. Cerebellar cortex decides the best way to execute movement - force, direction, and extent of muscle contraction
    allows smooth coordinated movements required for everyday life
47
Q

Functional brain systems

A

networks of neurons that span multiple regions of the brain that work together to accomplish one or more related tasks
1. Limbic system
2. the reticular formation

48
Q

Limbic system

A

the emotional brain
regions
1. Amygdalioud body: response to perceived threats w fear or aggression
2. Cingulate gyrus: expressing emotions through gestures (jumping up and down when happy) and resolving mental conflicts during times of frustration (helps prevent reacting inappropriately to being frustrated)

49
Q

Psychosomatic illness

A

limbic system output is relayed through the hypothalamus (main visceral control center)
emotional stress can cause visceral illnesses
illness w physical symptoms that results specifically from emotional causes

50
Q

Limbic system and prefrontal cortex

A

interaction between the two
intimate relationship between our feelings and our thoughts
1. react emotionally to things we consciously understand to be happening
2. consciously aware of emotions
- communication between the two explains why
emotions sometimes override logic or why reason can stop us from expressing emotion inappropriately

51
Q

Reticular activating system (RAS)

A
  1. sends a continuous stream of impulses to the cerebral cortex
    - cerebral cortex is kept alert
  2. filters out repetitve, familiar or weak signals
    - prevention of sensory overload
    - 99% of info is filtered out
52
Q

Higher mental functions of the brain

A
  1. Language
  2. Memory
53
Q

Language - higher mental function

A

left side of the brain : speaking and understanding language
1. Brocas area - production if spoken and written speech
2. Wernickes area - language comprehension , speaking clearly
right side of the brain : understanding non verbal language
ex . facial expression , body language
2 . emotional component of lamguage
- know how someone is feeling based off their tone

54
Q

Memory - Higher brain function

A

storage/retrieval of info/past experiences
1. short term
2. long term
transfer of info from STM to LTM depends on
1. emotional state
2. rehearsal
3. Association
4. automatic memory

55
Q

Categories of memory

A

Declarative memory - based on learning explicit info (facts)
manipulate symbols/language
Ex. names, dates, phone #s
Nondelcaraticve memory - memory acquired through repetition - hard to unlearn
based on actions more than language
Ex. riding a bike, playing instrument , driving a car

56
Q

Protection of the brain

A

CNS tissue is very delicate (neurons damage easily)
1. bone
2. meninges
3. CSF
4. blood brain barrier

57
Q

Meninges

A

membranes that surround and protect the brain
cover and protect CNS , protects blood vessels around CNS and contain CSF
1. dura mater
2. Arachnoid mater
3. Pia mater

58
Q

Dura mater

A

most external layer
A. periosteal layer - attaches to the inner surface of skull bones
meningeal layer - form true external covering of the brain

59
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

deep to dura mater
subarachnoid space - spiderweb projection that connect arachnoid mater to pia mater
CSF flows through here

60
Q

pia mater

A

innermost layer
clings to brain surface
highly vascuralized

61
Q

CSF

A

liquid surrounding the brain and spinal cord: produced by choroid plexus
1. forms liquid cushion : protection against physical trauma
2. gives buoyancy to CNS structures : w out CSF brain would crush itself
3. nutrient and chemical msg carrier - allows proper functioning of CNS

62
Q

blood brain barrier

A

created by: 1. tight junctions 2. astrocytes and pericytes
movement across the barrier
1. simple diffusion - lipid soluble molecules pass freely
2. facilitated diffusion
3. transcytosis

63
Q

substances not allowed to cross blood-brain barrier include

A

bloodborne metabolic waste
proteins
certain toxins
most drugs
nonessential amino acids
potassium ions

64
Q

Brain traumas

A

concussions: alteration in brain functions following a physical blow to the head (temporary) - multiple concussions can result in permanent damage to brain functioning
contusions : permanent neurological damage resulting from bruising of the brain
MAY ENTER COMA

65
Q

Degenerative brain disroders

A

Alzheimer’s disease: senile plaque found throughout the brain - sits between neurons and causes neuron death
effect: SHORT TERM memory loss, short attention span, disorientation,
LONG TERM: language loss, dementia, changes in personality
Parkinson’s disease: degenerating of dopamine-releasing cells in substania nigra of midbrain
basal nuclei becomes overactive w out dopamine: involuntary movement
CONSTANT TREMORS, STIFF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS,FORWARD BENT WALKING POSITION

66
Q

Spinal cord

A

functions
1. conduction pathway
2. Major reflex center
the spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum until L1-L2
conus medullaris : cone shaped structure where spinal cord ends
ilium terminal : fibrous extensions that extend from conus medullaris to coccyx HELPS SECURE SPINAL CORD IN PLACE

67
Q

Cauda Equina

A

collection of nerve roots at the end of the vertebral canal

68
Q

Gray matter of spinal cord

A

central canal located at the center of gray matter: serves spinal cord w CSF
is arranged in horns
dorsal horns: receive somatic and visceral sensory input
ventral horns: somatic motor neurons - motor output to skeletal muscle tissue
lateral horns: only in thoracic and superior lumbar segments - motor output to visceral organs

69
Q

Roots

A

Ventral roots: axons of ventral horn motor neurons (efferent) exit the spinal cord
Dorsal roots: axons of dorsal horn sensory neurons (afferent) enter the spinal cord
dorsal root ganglia: swelling or dorsal root where cell bodies of sensory neurons are found

70
Q

Spinal Cord Trauma

A

damage to dorsal roots/sensory tracts: loss/abnormal sensation (paresthesia)
damage to ventral roots/motor tracts paralysis
1. flaccid paralysis: injury to the spinal cord of ventral roots prevents impulses from reaching skeletal muscle tissue CANT MOVE INVOLUNTARILY/VOLUNTARILY
2. spastic paralysis: upper motor neurons of primary motor cortex damages but spinal motor neurons still intact - can move involunatirly

71
Q

Transection of spinal cord

A

complete cross-sectioning of the spinal cord
total sensory/motor loss below the point of separation
paraplegia: transection of T1-L1 - loss of functioning of lower limbs
quadriplegia: transection anywhere in cervical region

anatomy (8 decks)

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