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anatomy > Chapter 8 joints > Flashcards

Chapter 8 joints Flashcards

exam 2 prep

1
Q

what are the functions of joints

A

mobility : allow movement of body parts
- diff types of joints allow for diff amount and type of movement
- joints vary in shape

stability : hold the skeleton together
- joints hold bones in place : prevent bones coming apart
- prevent damage to internal structures

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2
Q

classification of joints

A

can either be structural or functional

Structural : type of tissue that connects bones at articulating surface
FIBROUS , CARTILAGINOUS OR SYNOVIAL

Functional : amount of movement allowed by joint
synarthroses : no movement
amphiarthroses : limited movement
diarthroses : freely moveable

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3
Q

where would you not want diarthrotic joints?

A

axial skeleton
protective qualities of axial skeleton - do not want movement

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4
Q

fibrous joints

A

structural
joints composed of collagen fibers of connective tissue
no joint cavity
movement : synarthroses , few amphiarthroses
short collagen fibers dont allow large degree of movement

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5
Q

types of fibrous joints

A

Sutures
syndesmoses
gomphoses

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6
Q

sutures

A

fibrous joint
short and strong bands of collagen fibers seen between the bones of the skull
little movement permitted

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7
Q

syndesmoses

A

fibrous joint
bones are connected to one another by ligaments (bands of fibrous tissue that join bone to bone)
MOVEMENT ALLOWED BY JOINT DEPENDS ON LEGTH OF LIGAMENT BANDS (LONGER = MORE MOVEMENT)

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8
Q

gomphoses

A

fibrous joint
only joint that doesnt join bone to bone
jones tooth to bony alveolar socket

TEETH ARE NOT BONES

  • peridontal ligament : joins mandible/ maxilla to tooth
    fibers are short : limited movement
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9
Q

fontanelles

A

soft spots in fetal skull
allows for movement of skull bones due to rapid brain growth and and allows for squezzing of head through pelvic girdle

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10
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

bones joined by cartilage
no joint cavity
synarthroses or amphiarthroses

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11
Q

synchondroses

A

type of cartilaginous joint
bones united w a plate of hyaline cartilage
SYNARTHROSES
ex ; epiphyseal plate and costal cartilage

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12
Q

symphyses

A

cartilaginous joint
fibrocartilage joins bone
some movement but limited
FIBROCARTILAGE ABSORBS SHOCK
bounces back after movement
highly compressible and resilient

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13
Q

what is an example of a symphyses

A

intervertebral joints : prevent vertebrae from touching

discs can herniate : fibrocartilaget bulges out and presses on nerve
PAINFUL

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14
Q

synovial joints

A

joint cavity
diarthroses
almost all in appendicular skeleton : limbs need to move

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15
Q

structures found in synovial joints

A

articular cartilage
joint cavuty
articular capsule
synovial fluid
reinforcing ligaments
innervation and vascularization

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16
Q

Articular cartilage

A

-hyaline cartilage covering bone ends
-wraps around epiphysis and prevents bones from directly rubbing against each other

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17
Q

joint cavity

A

small space between articulaing bones
almost nonexisitent - very small/flat
synovial fluid found here

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18
Q

Articular capsule

A

two layered capsule that encloses joint cavity
fibrous layer : outer layer that is continuous w periosteum - prevents two articulated bones from being pulled apart (STRONG/STABLE)

synovial membrane : inner layer that lines joint cavity
produces synovial fluid and is not found in places where there is articular cartilage

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19
Q

synovial fluid

A

slippery fluid occupying space in joint capsule
joint not active : fluid viscous and is soaked up by articular cartilage
joint active : fluid watery and is found in joint cavity

watery consistency allows articular carilage to slide against one another and prevent it from wearing down

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20
Q

how is synovial fluid released from articular cartilage when joint becomed active

A

when weight is applied to joint - articular cartilage will push together and squeeze synovial fluid out

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21
Q

reinforcing ligaments

A

band like ligaments that join articulating bones
stabilize joint

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22
Q

innervation and vascularization

A

innervation : joints supplied w sensory nerve fibers
- lets yk position of joint , stretch of tissue , pain : warning sys.

vasculartization : rich blood supply to joints
provide raw materials for synovial fluid formation

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23
Q

Factors influencing joint stablity

A

articular surfaces
ligaments
muscle tone

24
Q

articular surfaces

A

better two bones fit together - more difficult to pull out
doesnt play a huge role in joint stability

25
Q

ligaments

A

the more ligaments the stronger the joint
if ligament is too stretched out - lowers joint stability DISLOCATION
ligaments only work well when they have other structures backing them up

26
Q

muscle tone

A

tendons attach muscle to bone and often wrap around joints
braces joints and holds it in place

MOST IMPORTANT FOR STABILITY

27
Q

movements allowed by synovial joints

A

nonaxial
uniaxial
biaxial
multiaxial

28
Q

non axial movement

A

no axis around which movement can take place
bones that articulate have flat surfaces
GLIDING - slide pass each other
plane joint - cube shaped bones

29
Q

uniaxial movement

A

allows for movement of joint around a single axis
flexion/extension OR rotation
hinge joint - flexion/extension
pivot joint - rotation

30
Q

biaxial movement

A

allows for movement of joint around 2 axis
flexion/extension and abduction/adduction

condylar and saddle joint

31
Q

multiaxial movement

A

allows for movement around multiple axes
flexion/extension , abduction/adduction AND rotation

if all movements done together = CIRCUMDUCTION

ball and socket joint

32
Q

temporomandibular joint

A

biaxial hinge joint
articular disc divides synovial cavity into superior and inferior parts
superior : lateral excursion - wiggle jaw left to right
inferior : elevation/depression - chewing (raise/lower jaw)

33
Q

glenohumeral joint

A

humerus articulates w the scapula
most freely moving joint in the body

34
Q

structures that provide increased stability for glenohumeral joint

A

. Reinforcing ligaments
- coracohumeral ligament : (1) back of shoulder
- glenohumeral ligament : may have 0 but max of 3 - front (anterior) of shoulder

. rotator cuff
- 4 muscles and tendons encircle the joint
- wrap around joint : brace joint
extreme circumduction can injure rotator cuff

. Glenoid Labrum
- rim of fibrocartilage around glenoid fossa - deepen socket of joint so they fit better

35
Q

elbow joint

A

humerus articulates w ulna
hinge joint
close fit of trochlea and trochlear notch : hard to pull apart

muscle and tendon of arm muscle wrap around elbow to provide stability

ulnar collateral ligament : medial side
radial collateral ligament : lateral side
BOTH PREVENT LATERAL MOVEMENT

36
Q

coxal joint

A

head of femur articulates w os coxa
strong ligaments and articular surfaces

Illiofemoral ligament
pubofemoral ligament
ischiofemoral ligament

all 3 wrap and twist around joint
joint in use twist 3 ligaments tigheter

37
Q

acetabular labrum

A

ring of cartilage around acetabulum to further deepen socket - head of femur fits better PREVENT DISLOCATION

38
Q

knee joint

A

single joint cavity shared by 3 seperate joints

39
Q

menisci

A

thin layer of fibrous cartilage at outer margins of tibiofemoral joints

40
Q

function on menisci

A

part of knee joint
slightly deepen socket
cartilage absorbs shock - and prevents damage to bone tissue
femur easily detaches from the tibia - moves in opposite directions

41
Q

extracapsular and capsular ligament

A

part of the knee joint
prevent hyperextension of knee

42
Q

intracapsular ligaments (cruciate ligaments)

A

secure articulating bones , prevent displacement

43
Q

anterior cruciate ligament

A

intracapsular ligament
prevents forward sliding of the tibia - prevents hyperextension of the knee
smaller than PCL - attaches to the front of the tibia
more easily damaged: especially when changing directions

44
Q

posterior cruciate ligament

A

prevents backward sliding of the tibia and foward sliding of femur
attaches to posterior portion of tibia

45
Q

Arthritis

A

can be inflammatory or degenerative
inflammatory - tissue in joint inflamed, filled w fluid
degenerative - joint tissue being destroyed
Acute or chronic
most widespread crippling disease in N.A

46
Q

acute arthritis

A

bacterial, inflammatory
easily treated w antibiotics
bacterial infection in the joint - becomes inflamed - give antibiotics to kill bacteria

47
Q

chronic arthritis

A

inflammatory/ degenerative
long-lasting (months/yrs)
tends to be progressive: pain gets worse , limited mobility

48
Q

osteoarthritis

A

most common form of chronic arthritis
progresses slowly and is irreversible
inflammatory - takes yrs to feel pain and is difficult to treat

49
Q

what increases risk of osteoarthritis

A

60+ female
joint is overused/underused
genetic : family w OA
trauma : repeated dislocation

50
Q

cause of osteoarthritis

A

articular cartilage destroyed faster than replaced
broken cartilage never replaced

51
Q

effect of osteoarthritis

A

exposed bone rubs together causing bone spurs
bone spurs - abnormal bone formation: bone trying to protect itself
no empty space between bones
bone becomes deformed and restricts the movement of the joint

52
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

autoimmune chronic inflammatory disorder
immune system is attacking bone tissue
incurable
see symptoms at ab 30-40 yrs old

53
Q

increased risk for RA

A

females : stronger immune system
genetic

54
Q

features of RA

A

bilateral and degenrative
bilateral - seen on both sides of the body
seen mostly on fingers , wrists, ankles and feet
flair ups and periods of remission
flair ups - pain/swelling remission - no pain/swelling
remission is temporary
as RA progresses, remission becomes shorter, and flare-ups worsen

55
Q

progression of RA

A

synovial mem inflamed
lymphocytes/macrophages flood the area to destroy inflammation - also destroy synovial men.
break down of synovial mem causes accumulation of synovial fluid that solidifies - pannus forms
breaks down cartilage tissue which is replaced by scar tissue
ankylosis - scan tissue is turned into bone : lock bone together
COMPLETE LOSS OF MOBILITY

56
Q

helping RA

A

no cure
prescribe sterioids - slow down the immune sys. - slow down the degeneration of joints
pain meds
replace joint w artifical joint before ankylosis occurs

anatomy (8 decks)

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