chapter 24 Flashcards
part 1
nutrients
any substance the body uses for growth repair and maintenance
macronutrients
carbs, lipids, proteins
make up most of our diet
micronutrients
vitamins and minerals
only required in small amounts
sources of carbohydrates in diet
plants
dairy (lactose)
meats (glycogen)
uses of carbohydrates
- ATP production by body
- monosaccharide glucose used - nucleic acid synthesis w pentose sugars
- glycocalyx formation
- sugar coating on the outside of our cells that allows the immune system to recognize self vs. non-self
nutritional requirements of carbs
45-60% of daily caloric intake
complex carbohydrates
grains and plant-based sources that are unprocessed nutrient rich
empty carbohydrates
processed sugars (soda, candy etc.)
no nutritional value
sources of lipids in diets
triglycerides
cholestral
types of tryglycerides
saturated
unsaturated
saturated triglycerides
meat, dairy, margarine
more solid at room temperature
bonds are short and close
cholesterol
85% produced by liver regardless of lipid intake
The remaining 15% comes from eggs, dairy etc.
unsaturated triglycerides
nuts, seeds, olive oil etc
more plant-based
more liquid at room temp
bonds are longer and spread apart
uses of lipids
- build adipose tissue
- phospholipids used for cell membrane
- bile salt, steroid hormones and other molecule construction
- absorbing fat soluble molecules
nutritional requirements for lipids
20-35% of caloric intake
limit saturated fat intake and cholesterol intake
sources of proteins
complete proteins
incomplete proteins
complete priteins
Meet all the body’s amino acid requirements
ex. Egg, meat, dairy, fish
animal sources
incomplete proeins
are short one or moe amino acids
ex, seeds, nuts, legumes
plant sources
EXCEPTION: SOYBEANS
Uses of proteins
- structural molecules
- keratin, collagen, elastic, muscle protein - functional molecules
- enzymes and hormones
nutritional requirements for proteins
0.8 g protein per kg of body weight
nitrogen balance
when the rate of protein synthesis equals the rate of protein. breakdown
positive nitrogen balance
protein synthesis is greater then protein breakdown
ex, growing children, pregnant people, tissue repair
consuming more AA build more
negative nitrogen balance
protein breakdown is greater than protein synthesis
ex. stress, low protein content or quality in diet or starvation
when are amino acids not used by the body
- inadequate dietary intake
- insufficient amino acid supply
- hormonal controls
vitamins
act as coenzymes: assist enzymes in accomplishing various tasks
sources of vitamins
made by body: vitamin d, k and b
diet
primary sources of minerals
legumes, vegetables, dairy
primary function of minerals
structural: used to build other structures
balance between uptake and excretion is necessary: like fat-soluble vitamins toxic overload can occur
metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the cells of the body that is used to provide energy for vital processes and synthesizing new materials
anabolic
building larger more complex molecules from small subdivisions
catabolic
breaks down larger molecules into smaller subdivisions
example of catabolic reactions
cellular respiration: form ATP from the breakdown of food fuels (glucose)
oxidation
the loss of electrons (or gain in O2)
oxidized substance - loses electrons
reduction
the gain of electrons (or loss of O2)
coupled with oxidation when one substance loses electrons the other must gain electrons
why are redox reactions important
how we produce ATP
most coenzymes derived from
B complex vitamins
important coenzymes
- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
- Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
once inside cell glucose converted to
glucose-6-phosphate
why is the conversion of glucose to glucose 6 phosphate imporant
glucose travels from high to low concentrations
keeps concentration of glucose low in cell to keep bringing in glucose
most preferred source for ATP production
glucose
how is glucose- 6-phosphate produced
adding a phosphate group from ATP
substrate level phosphylation
the direct transfer of a phosphate group to an ADP molecule
glycolysis and citric acid cycle : 4 ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
the transfer of a phosphate group to an ADP molecule by the oxidation of food fuels and transfers of electrons
electron transport chain: 28 ATP
glycolysis
occurs in cytosol of cell
is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic
anaerobic: doesn’t beed oxygen for reaction to take place
what goes in glycolysis
glucose
what comes out of glycolysis
2 NADH + H+
2 pyruvic acid
Net gain of 2 ATP
what happens to pyruvic acid from glycolysis when oxygen is available
pumped into citric acid cycle
what happens to pyruvic acid from glycolysis when oxygen is not avaible
converted into lactic acid
when O2 becomes available oxidized into pyruvic acid again
citric acid cycle
occurs in mitochondrial matrix
is the citric acid cycle aerobic or anaerobic
aerobic
doesn’t directly use oxygen but the products from the citric acid cycle are used in ETC which does require oxygen
what goes in citric acid cycle
acetly CoA (derived from pyruvic acid)
what comes our for a single turn
3 CO2 molecules
4 NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP
electron tranport chain
occurs in inner mitoxhindrial membnrane
is the ETC aerobic or anaerobic
aerobic: directly utilizes O2
what goes in ETC
NADH and FADH2
oxygen
what comes out of ETC
28 atp
6 h20 molecules
