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chapter 23 part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

small intestine

A

extends from pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal value

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2
Q

3 subdivisions of small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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3
Q

duodenum

A

1st portion of small intestine
most important for digestion and absorption

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4
Q

digestive juices of liver and pancreas empty into duodenum via

A

major duodenal papilla

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5
Q

jejunum

A

connects duodenum to ileum

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6
Q

ileum

A

connects small intestine to large intestine at the ileocecal valve

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7
Q

circular folds

A

permenant folding of the submucosa and mucosa
small intestine

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8
Q

function of circular folds

A

forces chyme to move slowly- increase absorptive capacity of small intestine

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9
Q

villi

A

projections of mucosa
small intestine
largest in the dudoenum

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10
Q

function of villi

A

increase surface area of small intestine to increase absorption

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11
Q

microvilli

A

villi on villi that creates a brush border

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12
Q

brush border enzymes

A

found on microvilli to complete digestion of carbohydrates and proteins

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13
Q

intestinal crypts

A

tubular glands in the walls of the small intestine
contains different types of cells that secrete products

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14
Q

cells of villi and crypts

A

enterocytes
goblet cells
enteroendocrine cells
paneth cells
stem cells

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15
Q

enterocytes

A

simple columnar cells w microvilli
secrete intestinal juice in crypts

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16
Q

goblet cells

A

mucus-secreting cells

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17
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

release various hormones to control bile/pancreatic/intestinal juice secretion

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18
Q

paneth cells

A

release defensins and lysozyme

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19
Q

stem cells

A

continuously dividing cells that replenish mucosa
can replace any 4 above cells

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20
Q

segmentation

A

contractions in the small intestine that slow rate of movement of chyme
contractions push chyme back and forth

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21
Q

after a meal

A

parasympathetic enhances segmentation
chyme is moved slowly to increase digestion and absorption

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22
Q

between meals

A

hormone motilin releases when most absorption has already occurred

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23
Q

what does motiltin do

A

Long peristaltic waves begin in small intestine and move waste, debris, and sloughed cells toward large intestine

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24
Q

ileocecal valve

A

controls passage of materials from small intestine to large intestine

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25
Q

ileocecal valve closed but relaxes due to

A

gastroileal reflex (segmentation)
gastrin: hormone that increases small intestine motility and relaxes ileocecal valve

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26
Q

the large intestine

A

also called colon which leads to the outside

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27
Q

gross anatomy of the colon

A

teniae coli
haustra
epiploic appendages

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28
Q

teniae coli

A

bands of smooth muscle tissue from the longitudinal layer
has tone: slightly contracted at all times
pull on walls of large intestine which creates pockets

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29
Q

haustra

A

pockets formed from teniae coli
gives colon segmented appearance
contractions of individual haustra aid motility in large intestine

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30
Q

epiploic appendanges

A

fat filled pitches that hang from the surface of the large intestine

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31
Q

6 subdivisions of the large intestine

A
  1. cecum
  2. appendix
  3. colon
  4. sigmoid colon
  5. rectum
  6. anus
32
Q

cecum

A

sac like structure making up first part of the large intestine

33
Q

appendix

A

extends off from the cecum
lymphoid organ - MALT
stores extra bacteria: can recolonize gut when necessary

34
Q

appendicitis

A

bacteria proliferate: appendix inflamed, swollen and becomes infected

35
Q

colon

A

ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon

36
Q

ascending colonn

A

travels up right side of abdominal wall

37
Q

transverse colon

A

crosses abdomen left to right
sharp left turn

38
Q

descending colon

A

travels down left side of abdominal cavity

39
Q

sigmoid colon

A

point at which colon enters the pelvis

40
Q

rectum

A

temporary holding site for feces
contains rectal valves: prevent feces being passed with gas

41
Q

anus

A

opens to the exterior of the body
end of the alimentary canal

42
Q

two sphincters of anus

A

internal anal sphincter
external anal sphincter

43
Q

internal anal sphincter

A

composed of smooth muscle
involuntary: opens/closes due to reflex

44
Q

external anal sphincter

A

composed of skeletal muscle tissue
voluntary: decide when we use the bathroom

45
Q

tissue of the large intestine

A

simple columnar epithelia

46
Q

does digestion occur in large intestine

A

NO
no villi, brush border or circular folds

47
Q

abundant crypts in large intestines

A

packed with goblet cells: mucus secreted reduces friction from movement of solid waste

48
Q

importance of bacterial flora in large intestine

A
  1. vitamin synthesis: b-complex vitamins, some vitamin K synthesized by gut bacteria
  2. fermentation: bacteria can ferment indigestible carbohydrates and mucin
49
Q

mass movements of large intestine

A

1.force residue toward rectum
2.promotes final drying out of feces: last water removed
3.fiber strengths mass movements and softens feces

50
Q

defecation reflex

A

initiated by stretching of rectal walls

51
Q

What happens in defecation reflex

A

sigmoid colon and rectum contract and internal anal sphincter relaxes
allowed by opening of the external sphincter

52
Q

primary mechanism of digestion

A

enzymatic hydrolysis

53
Q

enzymatic hydrolysis

A

enzymes breaks down large food molecules to monomers
add h20 to break down bonds

54
Q

what enzymes are responsible for molecule breakdown

A

pancreatic enzymes

55
Q

what is necessary for fat digestion

A

lipases and bile

56
Q

absorption

A

substances must move through enterocytes from the apical membrane to basal membrane of small intestine

57
Q

what substances are moved passively

A

nonpolar substances

58
Q

sources of carbohydrates

A

polysaccharides
disaccharides
monosaccharides

59
Q

polysaccharides

A

starch and glycogen found in meat
broken down into oligosaccharides: chains of 2-8 glucose molecules

60
Q

disaccharides

A

sucrose: sugar in fruit
lactose: milk sugar
maltose: grain sugar

61
Q

monosaccharides

A

glucose
fructose
galactose
these are the carbohydrate monomers absorbed by the small intestine

62
Q

polysaccharides broken into oligosaccharides and dissacharides by

A

pancreatic amylase

63
Q

what brush border enzymes break down oligosaccharides and disaccharides into monosaccharides

A

dextrinase and glucoamylase

64
Q

monosaccharides transport through

A

enterocyte

65
Q

glucose and galactose

A

secondary active transport
Na comes in w these substabces

66
Q

fructose

A

facilitated diffusion

67
Q

Monosaccharides exit enterocyte at

A

basal membrane
facilitated diffusion

68
Q

sources of proteins

A

dietary proteins
enzyme proteins
proteins from sloughed/disintegrated mucosal cells

69
Q

monomer of protein

A

amino acid

70
Q

proteins are broken down by

A

pancreatic proteases

71
Q

break down larger proteins into smaller fragments

A

trypsin and chymotrypsin

72
Q

split off individual amino acids

A

carboxypeptides

73
Q

amino acids are
transported into enterocyte via

A

secondary active transport
use na ion

74
Q

split remaining protein fragments into individual amino acids

A

brush border enzymes

75
Q

amino acids exit enterocute via

A

facilitated diffusion

76
Q

sources of lipids

A

tryglycerides

77
Q

monomer of triglycerides

A

fatty acids and monoglycerides

anatomy (18 decks)

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