Blood physiology/ hematology Flashcards
lab practical 1
transport functions of blood
- delivering oxygen and nutrients to body tissues
- disposal of waste products
- transporting hormones to various parts of the body to regulate organ function
other functions of blood
- regulating internal body temperature
- body defense to prevent infection
- acid-base balance
- blood clotting to prevent blood loss after a blood vessel wall is torn or damaged
3 types of blood cells
erythrocytes
leukocytes
thrombocytes
erythrocytes
responsible for the transport of oxygen to body tissues and removal of carbon dioxide waste
leukocytes
defend the body from viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens/microorganisms that can cause infection
thrombocytes
help prevent blood loss by forming collections of cells at the site of a damage called clots when blood vessel walls are torn
why are erythrocytes and thrombocytes not considered true cells
no nuclei
unable to mitotically divide
blood cell production is called
hematopoiesis
erythrocyte blood cell values
males : 5.4 +/- 0.8 million per cubic millimeter (mm3)
females : 4.8 +/- 0.6 million per cubic millimeter (mm3)
leukocytes blood cell values
males : 7-9000 per mm3
females : 5-7000 per mm3
thrombocyte blood cell values
150,000-400,000 per mm3
average: 300,000 per mm3
hemoglobin
molecule in erythrocytes
responsible for binding and carrying oxygen to the body tissue cells and removinh carbon dioxide
polycythemia
a person has an abnormally high number of red blood cells
causes of polycythemia
bone marrow disease
kidney disease
liver disease
drug use
anemia
an abnormal decrease of erythrocytes
anemic hypoxia
shortage in oxygen delivery to the body tissue cells
hematocrit
percent volume of the blood that is made up of erythrocytes
heparin
blood samples and hematocrit tubes are treated with this to prevent the formation of clots
erythropoietin
strictly regulates erythrocyte production
released by kidneys
normal hematocrit values
males: average - 46%
range - 43-49%
females: average - 41%
range 35-45%
why do males have higher hematocrit levels
influence of testosterone on the production of erythropoietin
hematocrit percentage formula
height of red cells (mm)
_______________________________ x 100
height of red cells and plasma (mm)
potassium cyanide (KCN)
helps measure blood hemoglobin levels
when hemoglobin is exposed to KCN
produces a color compound called cyanmethemoglobin
total blood hemoglobin formula
Hb (g) = blood volume (ml blood) x hemoglobin concentration (g Hb/ ml blood)
total O2 carrying capacity formula
total g Hb x 1.34 ml O2/ g Hb
blood volume for humans
males: 79 ml blood per kilogram of body weight +/- 10%
females: 65 ml blood per kilogram of body weight +/- 10%
kg to pound conversion
1 kg = 2.2 lbs
two classes of leukocytes
granulocytes
agranulocytes
3 types of granulocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
3 types of agranulocytes
large lymphocytes
small lymphocytes
monocytes
neutropenia
low number of neutrophils
caused by: genetics, chemotherapy, malnutrition, aplastic anemia
neutrophilic leukocytosis
high number of neutrophils
caused by: sever burn, chronic inflammation, stressful situations
lymphocytosis
high number of lymphocytes
caused by: physical/emotional stress, fighting illness/infection
lymphocytopenia
low number of lymphocytes
caused by: viral infection, zinc deficiency, systemic lupus
eosinophilia
high number of eosinophils
caused by: parasitic infection, allergies, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, genetics
monocytosis
high number of monocytes
caused by : tuberculosis, chronic inflammation, heart attacks, smoking
normal total leukocyte count
4500-11,000 WBCs per microliter of blood
