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BIO163 > Lab Practicum 1 > Flashcards

Lab Practicum 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What controls the color of blood? (bright red or dark red)

A

The amount of oxygen it is carrying

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2
Q

How many liters of blood on average are in males and females?

A

Males: 5-6 L

Females 4-5 L

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3
Q

What is blood classified as?

A

A connective tissue

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4
Q

Why is blood classified the way it is?

A

Because it consists of a nonliving fluid matrix (plasma) in which living cells (formed elements) are suspended

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5
Q

What fibers are found in blood that classify it as a connective tissue?

A

Fibrin threads, which form the structural basis for clot formation

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6
Q

How much of plasma is water?

A

90%

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7
Q

What are the 7 things found in plasma?

A

Water, salts, plasma proteins, nutrients, waste products, respiratory gases, hormones

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8
Q

What is the most numerous type of formed element?

A

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

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9
Q

What is the main function of Leukocytes?

A

Hemostasis; immune system response

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10
Q

What percentage of blood do white blood cells and platelets make up?

A

<1%

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11
Q

What percentage of blood do formed elements make up?

A

45%

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12
Q

What percentage of blood does plasma make up?

A

55%

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13
Q

What is the main function of Erythrocytes?

A

Transport oxygen

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14
Q

What is the main function of Platelets?

A

Clotting

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15
Q

Name the specific formed element:

Develops into macrophages and phagocytize pathogens or debris

A

Monocyte

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16
Q

Name the specific formed element:

The nucleus is bi-lobed and the granules are red.

A

Eosinophil

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17
Q

Name the specific formed element:

Releases histamine and other mediators of inflammation. Also contains heparin

A

Basophil

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18
Q

Name the specific formed element:

Phagocytize pathogens or debris

A

Neutrophil

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19
Q

Name the specific formed element:

Lobed nucleus with large blue/purple cytoplasmic granules

A

Basophil

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20
Q

Name the specific formed element:

Mounts immune response by direct cell attack or via antibody production

A

Lymphocyte

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21
Q

What are the Granulocytes?

A

Neutrohphil, eosinophil, basophil

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22
Q

Name the specific formed element:

Nucleus is U-shaped; the biggest leukocyte

A

Monocyte

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23
Q

Name the specific formed element:

Kills parasitic worms

A

Eosinophil

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24
Q

Name the specific formed element:

Large, spherical nucleus

A

Lymphocyte

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25
Q

Name the specific formed element:

Nucleus is multi-lobed, pale red and blue granules

A

Neutrophil

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26
Q

What are the Agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocyte and Monocyte

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27
Q

Name the specific formed element:

Seals small tears in blood vessels; instrumental in blood clotting

A

Platelets

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28
Q

What is the average number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter of blood?

A

4.5-5.5 million

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29
Q

In what way do red blood cells differ from other blood cells?

A

They are anucleate

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30
Q

What is the average life span of red blood cells and where are they destroyed after they fragment?

A

100-120 days, they are destroyed in the spleen

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31
Q

Where are leukocytes formed?

A

In bone marrow

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32
Q

What is the average number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter of blood?

A

4,800-10,800

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33
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

The ability to move in and out of blood vessels

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34
Q

What is amoeboid motion?

A

Wandering through body tissues to reach sites of inflammation or tissue destruction

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35
Q

Leukocytosis is…

A

An abnormally high WBC count

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36
Q

Leukopenia is…

A

A decrease in the white blood cell number below 4000/mm3

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37
Q

A malignant disorder of the lymphoid tissues characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal WBCs accompanied by a reduction in the number of RBCs and platelets

A

Leukemia

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38
Q

Polycythemia is…

A

An increase in the number of RBCs

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39
Q

Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood or a decreased hemoglobin content of the RBCs

A

Anemia

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40
Q

A routine examination where 100 WBCs are counted and classified according to type

A

Differential white blood cell count

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41
Q

Routinely determined when anemia is suspected

A

Hematocrit

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42
Q

What is normal hematocrit for males and females?

A

Males: 47 +/- 5
Females: 42 +/- 5

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43
Q

Normal blood contains how much hemoglobin?

A

12-18 g per 100 ml of blood

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44
Q

What is the relationship between hematocrit and grams of hemoglobin?

A

3:1

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45
Q

Prolonged bleeding time is most often associated with…

A

Deficient or abnormal platelets

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46
Q

What triggers the clotting mechanism?

A

TF and PF3

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47
Q

Tissue factor and PF3 interact with other blood protein clotting factors and calcium ions to form…

A

Prothrombin activator

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48
Q

Prothrombin activator converts into…

A

Prothrombin

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49
Q

Prothrombin converts to…

A

Thrombin

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50
Q

What is the role of thrombin?

A

To polymerize the soluble fibrinogen proteins into insoluble fibrin

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51
Q

What forms the meshwork of strands that traps the RBCs and forms the bais of the clot?

A

Fibrin

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52
Q

Specific glycoproteins on the outer surface of the RBC plasma membrane

A

Antigens

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53
Q

Act against RBCs carrying antigens that are not present on the person’s own RBCs

A

Antibodies

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54
Q

A disease in which the body’s blood vessels become increasingly occluded or blocked by plaques

A

Atherosclerosis

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55
Q

What is a normal value for total plasma cholesterol in adults?

A

130-200 mg per 100 ml of plasma

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56
Q

What is the most numerous leukocyte?

A

Neutrophil

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57
Q

What is the precursor cell of platelets?

A

Megakaryocyte

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58
Q

Name the two anticoagulants used in conducting the hematologic tests.

A

EDTA and Heparin

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59
Q

What is the body’s natural anticoagulant?

A

Heparin

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60
Q

What is the name of RBC production?

A

Erythropoiesis

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61
Q

What hormone acts as a stimulus for Erythropoiesis and where is it produced?

A

Erythropoietin; kidneys

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62
Q

The apex of the heart extends toward what direction and rests on what organ?

A

Slightly to the left and rests on the diaphgragm

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63
Q

The heart is enclosed within a double-walled sac called the…

A

Pericardium

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64
Q

What is the loose-fitting, superficial part of the sac called?

A

Fibrous pericardium

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65
Q

Deep to the fibrous pericardium is the…

A

Serous pericardium

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66
Q

What is the function of serous fluid?

A

Allows the heart to beat in a frictionless environment

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67
Q

The epicardium produces serous fluid and is the same thing as…

A

The visceral pericardium layer

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68
Q

Which layer of the heart is the thickest and is composed of mainly cardiac muscle?

A

Myocardium

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69
Q

This layer of the heart is composed of simple squamous epithelium resting on areolar connective tissue

A

Endocardium

70
Q

How many chambers is the heart divided into?

A

4; two atria and two ventricles

71
Q

What structure divides the heart longitudinally?

A

The interventricular septum

72
Q

What are the discharging chambers that form the bulk of the heart?

A

Ventricles

73
Q

What do the AV valves separate?

A

Atria and ventricles

74
Q

What do the SL valves separate?

A

Ventricles and great vessels

75
Q

What is another name for the right AV valve?

A

Tricuspid valve

76
Q

What are the cusps of the AV valves anchored to?

A

The papillary muscles by way of chordae tendineae

77
Q

The left AV valve is called the bicuspid valve as well as the…

A

Mitral valve

78
Q

What is the function of the AV and SL valves in the heart?

A

To prevent backflow

79
Q

The pulmonary SL valve is located between what two structures?

A

Right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

80
Q

The aortic SL valve is located between what two structures?

A

Left ventricle and the aorta

81
Q

Why is the heart considered a double pump?

A

Because it serves two circuits; the pulmonary and the systemic

82
Q

What circuit does the right side of the heart serve?

A

The pulmonary circuit

83
Q

What does the pulmonary circuit do specifically?

A

It takes the carbon-dioxide rich blood to the lungs, unloads the CO2 and picks up oxygen and then brings it back to the left side of the heart

84
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary circuit?

A

Gas exchange

85
Q

What is the function of the systemic circuit?

A

Delivering of oxygen and nutrients to entire body

86
Q

What does the systemic circuit do specifically?

A

It carries oxygen-rich blood from the left heart through the body tissues and back to the right side of the heart

87
Q

How are the cardiac cells with connective tissue fibers arranged in the heart?

A

Spiral or figure-8-shaped bundles

88
Q

What is the function of the ductus arteriosus in a fetus? What is it called in an adult?

A

Allows blood to pass directly from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta, thus bypassing the lungs; ligamentum arteriosum

89
Q

What is the first branch of the aorta?

A

The brachiocephalic trunk

90
Q

What does the coronary sinus do?

A

It returns venous blood of the coronary circulation to the right atrium

91
Q

What is the function of the foramen ovale in a fetus? What is it called in an adult?

A

It allows blood to pass from the right to the left atrium, thus bypassing the lungs; fossa ovalis

92
Q

What forms the rigged appearance of the inner ventricular muscle?

A

Trabeculae carneae

93
Q

What does the moderator band connect and what does it do?

A

It connects the interventricular septum to the anterior papillary muscles and helps coordinate contraction of the ventricle

94
Q

If the mitral valve does not close properly, which circuit is affected?

A

The systemic circuit

95
Q

Which ventricle wall is thicker?

A

Left

96
Q

True or False:

The heart depends on the nervous system for its electrical impulses.

A

False

97
Q

This ensures that the heart muscle depolarizes in an orderly and sequential manner, from the atria to the ventricles and that the heart beats as a coordinated unit

A

Intrinsic conduction system

98
Q

The ability of cardiac muscle to beat is ___________

A

Intrinsic

99
Q

What structures are the most critical in order for the ventricles to receive the electrical impulse and why?

A

The AV node and AV bundle because the atria and ventricles are separated from one another by a region of electrically inert connective tissue

100
Q

This is where the impulses are generated in the heart (pacemaker)

A

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

101
Q

The impulses pause for 0.1 seconds here

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

102
Q

Conducts impulses to the bundle branches

A

Atrioventricular bundle

103
Q

Conducts impulses through the interventricular septum

A

Bundle branches

104
Q

Depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricles

A

Subendocardial conducting network (Purkinje fibers)

105
Q

A region between two waves

A

Segment

106
Q

A region that contains a segment and one or more waves

A

Interval

107
Q

Why are abnormalities of the deflection waves and changes in time intervals important to observe?

A

They are useful in detecting myocardial infarcts or problems with the conduction system of the heart

108
Q

A heart rate of over 100 beats/min

A

Tachycardia

109
Q

A rate below 60 beats/min

A

Bradycardia

110
Q

What is fibrillation?

A

A condition of rapid uncoordinated heart contractions

111
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood ejected by a ventricle with each contraction

112
Q

What does the P wave indicate?

A

Atrial depolarization

113
Q

Where is the impulse delayed and why does this happen?

A

At the AV node; to give time for the atria to finish contracting

114
Q

Where does ventricular depolarization begin?

A

At the apex

115
Q

What is signified with the QRS complex?

A

Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

116
Q

Within the S-T segment, what has been completed?

A

Ventricular depolarization

117
Q

What does the T wave indicate?

A

Ventricular repolarization

118
Q

What is an ECG?

A

The graphic recording of the electrical changes occurring during the cardiac cycle

119
Q

What happens during atrial fibrillation?

A

The atria spasm instead of contracting as a coordinated unit. This leads to a pooling of blood in the atria

120
Q

What is the cause of AF?

A

Damage to the intrinsic conduction system

121
Q

What is the vasa vasorum?

A

A system of tiny blood vessels

122
Q

This layer of a vessel is composed of a single thin layer of endothelium, subendothelial layer, and an internal elastic membrane

A

Tunica intima

123
Q

This layer of a vessel is composed primarily of smooth muscle and elastin

A

Tunica media

124
Q

This layer of a vessel is composed of areolar or fibrous connective tissue

A

Tunica externa

125
Q

Capillaries contain only what layer of a vessel?

A

Tunica intima

126
Q

How does the lumen of a vein differ from that of an artery?

A

It is more elongated and irregularly shaped and usually collapsed. It’s walls will be considerably thinner

127
Q

Which arteries serve the brain?

A

Internal carotid artery and vertebral artery

128
Q

What supplies the gluteal muscles?

A

Internal iliac artery

129
Q

What does the external iliac artery supply?

A

The anterior abdominal wall and the lower limb

130
Q

Name the type of blood vessel:

Drains capillary beds and merges to form veins

A

Venules

131
Q

Name the type of blood vessel:

Provides for the exchange of materials (gases, nutrients etc) between the blood and tissue cells

A

Capillaries

132
Q

Name the type of blood vessel:

Acts as a pressure reservoir, expanding and recoiling for continuous blood flow

A

Elastic (conducting) arteries

133
Q

Name the type of blood vessel:

Low pressure vessels that return blood to the heart

A

Veins

134
Q

Name the type of blood vessel:

They play a role in regulating the blood flow to specific areas of the body

A

Artérioles

135
Q

Name the type of blood vessel:

Distribute blood to specific areas of the body

A

Muscular (distributing) arteries

136
Q

What is the longest vein in the body?

A

The great saphenous vein

137
Q

The arterial system has one of these; the venous system has two.

A

Brachiocephalic

138
Q

What vein is blood usually removed from for testing purposes?

A

Median cubital vein

139
Q

What is the functional supply of blood to the lungs provided by?

A

Bronchial arteries

140
Q

After the left and right pulmonary arteries enter the lungs, what do they divide into?

A

Lobar arteries

141
Q

Diffusion of the respiratory gases occurs between what two structures?

A

The walls of the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries

142
Q

How do the number of lobar arteries differ between the right and the left?

A

There are three on the right and two on the left

143
Q

The ductus venosus is a shunt between…

A

The liver and the right atrium of the heart

144
Q

The foramen ovale is a shunt to transfer blood between the ___________ and ____________, bypassing the lungs

A

Right atrium; left atrium

145
Q

The ductus arteriosus is a shunt that connects…

A

The pulmonary trunk and the aorta

146
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus become after birth?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

147
Q

What does the foramen ovale become after birth?

A

Fossa ovalis

148
Q

What does the ductus venosus become after birth?

A

Ligamentum venosum

149
Q

What does the umbilical vein become after birth?

A

Ligamentum teres

150
Q

What do the umbilical arteries become after birth?

A

Medial umbilical arteries

151
Q

The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of what two veins?

A

The splenic and superior mesenteric veins

152
Q

What is the key body organ involved in maintaining proper sugar, fatty acid, and amino acid concentrations in the blood?

A

Liver

153
Q

Carries blood from the spleen, parts of the pancreas, and the stomach

A

Splenic vein

154
Q

Drains the small intestine, part of the large intestine, and the stomach

A

Superior mesenteric vein

155
Q

Drains the distal portion of the large intestine and rectum

A

Inferior mesenteric vein

156
Q

What are two events occurring within the body that aid in venous return

A

Skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pressure changes

157
Q

The average heart beats approximately _____ beats/min and so the length of the cardiac cycle is about _____ sec

A

75; 0.8

158
Q

How much time does atrial contraction occupy?

A

0.1 seconds

159
Q

How much time does atrial relaxation and ventricular contraction occupy?

A

0.3 seconds

160
Q

Heart relaxation is also known as?

A

quiescent period

161
Q

How long does the quiescent period last?

A

0.4 sec

162
Q

At what two points are both the AV and SL valves of the heart closed?

A

Isovolumetric contraction and isovolumetric relaxation

163
Q

What is the heart sound 1 associated with?

A

Closure of the AV valves

164
Q

What is the heart sound 2 associated with?

A

Closer of the SL valves

165
Q

What are abnormal heart sounds called?

A

Murmurs

166
Q

Between the AV valves, which one closes slightly before the other?

A

Mitral before tricuspid

167
Q

The alternating surges of pressure in an artery that occur with each contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle

A

Pulse

168
Q

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is called the…

A

Pulse pressure

169
Q

The difference between the apical and radial pulse is…

A

The pulse deficit

170
Q

What is the apical pulse?

A

Actual counting of heartbeats

171
Q

The sounds of Korotkoff indicate what?

A

The resumption of blood flow into the forearm

BIO163 (18 decks)

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