Lab Practicum 1 Flashcards
What controls the color of blood? (bright red or dark red)
The amount of oxygen it is carrying
How many liters of blood on average are in males and females?
Males: 5-6 L
Females 4-5 L
What is blood classified as?
A connective tissue
Why is blood classified the way it is?
Because it consists of a nonliving fluid matrix (plasma) in which living cells (formed elements) are suspended
What fibers are found in blood that classify it as a connective tissue?
Fibrin threads, which form the structural basis for clot formation
How much of plasma is water?
90%
What are the 7 things found in plasma?
Water, salts, plasma proteins, nutrients, waste products, respiratory gases, hormones
What is the most numerous type of formed element?
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
What is the main function of Leukocytes?
Hemostasis; immune system response
What percentage of blood do white blood cells and platelets make up?
<1%
What percentage of blood do formed elements make up?
45%
What percentage of blood does plasma make up?
55%
What is the main function of Erythrocytes?
Transport oxygen
What is the main function of Platelets?
Clotting
Name the specific formed element:
Develops into macrophages and phagocytize pathogens or debris
Monocyte
Name the specific formed element:
The nucleus is bi-lobed and the granules are red.
Eosinophil
Name the specific formed element:
Releases histamine and other mediators of inflammation. Also contains heparin
Basophil
Name the specific formed element:
Phagocytize pathogens or debris
Neutrophil
Name the specific formed element:
Lobed nucleus with large blue/purple cytoplasmic granules
Basophil
Name the specific formed element:
Mounts immune response by direct cell attack or via antibody production
Lymphocyte
What are the Granulocytes?
Neutrohphil, eosinophil, basophil
Name the specific formed element:
Nucleus is U-shaped; the biggest leukocyte
Monocyte
Name the specific formed element:
Kills parasitic worms
Eosinophil
Name the specific formed element:
Large, spherical nucleus
Lymphocyte
Name the specific formed element:
Nucleus is multi-lobed, pale red and blue granules
Neutrophil
What are the Agranulocytes?
Lymphocyte and Monocyte
Name the specific formed element:
Seals small tears in blood vessels; instrumental in blood clotting
Platelets
What is the average number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter of blood?
4.5-5.5 million
In what way do red blood cells differ from other blood cells?
They are anucleate
What is the average life span of red blood cells and where are they destroyed after they fragment?
100-120 days, they are destroyed in the spleen
Where are leukocytes formed?
In bone marrow
What is the average number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter of blood?
4,800-10,800
What is diapedesis?
The ability to move in and out of blood vessels
What is amoeboid motion?
Wandering through body tissues to reach sites of inflammation or tissue destruction
Leukocytosis is…
An abnormally high WBC count
Leukopenia is…
A decrease in the white blood cell number below 4000/mm3
A malignant disorder of the lymphoid tissues characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal WBCs accompanied by a reduction in the number of RBCs and platelets
Leukemia
Polycythemia is…
An increase in the number of RBCs
Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood or a decreased hemoglobin content of the RBCs
Anemia
A routine examination where 100 WBCs are counted and classified according to type
Differential white blood cell count
Routinely determined when anemia is suspected
Hematocrit
What is normal hematocrit for males and females?
Males: 47 +/- 5
Females: 42 +/- 5
Normal blood contains how much hemoglobin?
12-18 g per 100 ml of blood
What is the relationship between hematocrit and grams of hemoglobin?
3:1
Prolonged bleeding time is most often associated with…
Deficient or abnormal platelets
What triggers the clotting mechanism?
TF and PF3
Tissue factor and PF3 interact with other blood protein clotting factors and calcium ions to form…
Prothrombin activator
Prothrombin activator converts into…
Prothrombin
Prothrombin converts to…
Thrombin
What is the role of thrombin?
To polymerize the soluble fibrinogen proteins into insoluble fibrin
What forms the meshwork of strands that traps the RBCs and forms the bais of the clot?
Fibrin
Specific glycoproteins on the outer surface of the RBC plasma membrane
Antigens
Act against RBCs carrying antigens that are not present on the person’s own RBCs
Antibodies
A disease in which the body’s blood vessels become increasingly occluded or blocked by plaques
Atherosclerosis
What is a normal value for total plasma cholesterol in adults?
130-200 mg per 100 ml of plasma
What is the most numerous leukocyte?
Neutrophil
What is the precursor cell of platelets?
Megakaryocyte
Name the two anticoagulants used in conducting the hematologic tests.
EDTA and Heparin
What is the body’s natural anticoagulant?
Heparin
What is the name of RBC production?
Erythropoiesis
What hormone acts as a stimulus for Erythropoiesis and where is it produced?
Erythropoietin; kidneys
The apex of the heart extends toward what direction and rests on what organ?
Slightly to the left and rests on the diaphgragm
The heart is enclosed within a double-walled sac called the…
Pericardium
What is the loose-fitting, superficial part of the sac called?
Fibrous pericardium
Deep to the fibrous pericardium is the…
Serous pericardium
What is the function of serous fluid?
Allows the heart to beat in a frictionless environment
The epicardium produces serous fluid and is the same thing as…
The visceral pericardium layer
Which layer of the heart is the thickest and is composed of mainly cardiac muscle?
Myocardium
This layer of the heart is composed of simple squamous epithelium resting on areolar connective tissue
Endocardium
How many chambers is the heart divided into?
4; two atria and two ventricles
What structure divides the heart longitudinally?
The interventricular septum
What are the discharging chambers that form the bulk of the heart?
Ventricles
What do the AV valves separate?
Atria and ventricles
What do the SL valves separate?
Ventricles and great vessels
What is another name for the right AV valve?
Tricuspid valve
What are the cusps of the AV valves anchored to?
The papillary muscles by way of chordae tendineae
The left AV valve is called the bicuspid valve as well as the…
Mitral valve
What is the function of the AV and SL valves in the heart?
To prevent backflow
The pulmonary SL valve is located between what two structures?
Right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
The aortic SL valve is located between what two structures?
Left ventricle and the aorta
Why is the heart considered a double pump?
Because it serves two circuits; the pulmonary and the systemic
What circuit does the right side of the heart serve?
The pulmonary circuit
What does the pulmonary circuit do specifically?
It takes the carbon-dioxide rich blood to the lungs, unloads the CO2 and picks up oxygen and then brings it back to the left side of the heart
What is the function of the pulmonary circuit?
Gas exchange
What is the function of the systemic circuit?
Delivering of oxygen and nutrients to entire body
What does the systemic circuit do specifically?
It carries oxygen-rich blood from the left heart through the body tissues and back to the right side of the heart
How are the cardiac cells with connective tissue fibers arranged in the heart?
Spiral or figure-8-shaped bundles
What is the function of the ductus arteriosus in a fetus? What is it called in an adult?
Allows blood to pass directly from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta, thus bypassing the lungs; ligamentum arteriosum
What is the first branch of the aorta?
The brachiocephalic trunk
What does the coronary sinus do?
It returns venous blood of the coronary circulation to the right atrium
What is the function of the foramen ovale in a fetus? What is it called in an adult?
It allows blood to pass from the right to the left atrium, thus bypassing the lungs; fossa ovalis
What forms the rigged appearance of the inner ventricular muscle?
Trabeculae carneae
What does the moderator band connect and what does it do?
It connects the interventricular septum to the anterior papillary muscles and helps coordinate contraction of the ventricle
If the mitral valve does not close properly, which circuit is affected?
The systemic circuit
Which ventricle wall is thicker?
Left
True or False:
The heart depends on the nervous system for its electrical impulses.
False
This ensures that the heart muscle depolarizes in an orderly and sequential manner, from the atria to the ventricles and that the heart beats as a coordinated unit
Intrinsic conduction system
The ability of cardiac muscle to beat is ___________
Intrinsic
What structures are the most critical in order for the ventricles to receive the electrical impulse and why?
The AV node and AV bundle because the atria and ventricles are separated from one another by a region of electrically inert connective tissue
This is where the impulses are generated in the heart (pacemaker)
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
The impulses pause for 0.1 seconds here
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Conducts impulses to the bundle branches
Atrioventricular bundle
Conducts impulses through the interventricular septum
Bundle branches
Depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricles
Subendocardial conducting network (Purkinje fibers)
A region between two waves
Segment
A region that contains a segment and one or more waves
Interval
Why are abnormalities of the deflection waves and changes in time intervals important to observe?
They are useful in detecting myocardial infarcts or problems with the conduction system of the heart
A heart rate of over 100 beats/min
Tachycardia
A rate below 60 beats/min
Bradycardia
What is fibrillation?
A condition of rapid uncoordinated heart contractions
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood ejected by a ventricle with each contraction
What does the P wave indicate?
Atrial depolarization
Where is the impulse delayed and why does this happen?
At the AV node; to give time for the atria to finish contracting
Where does ventricular depolarization begin?
At the apex
What is signified with the QRS complex?
Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Within the S-T segment, what has been completed?
Ventricular depolarization
What does the T wave indicate?
Ventricular repolarization
What is an ECG?
The graphic recording of the electrical changes occurring during the cardiac cycle
What happens during atrial fibrillation?
The atria spasm instead of contracting as a coordinated unit. This leads to a pooling of blood in the atria
What is the cause of AF?
Damage to the intrinsic conduction system
What is the vasa vasorum?
A system of tiny blood vessels
This layer of a vessel is composed of a single thin layer of endothelium, subendothelial layer, and an internal elastic membrane
Tunica intima
This layer of a vessel is composed primarily of smooth muscle and elastin
Tunica media
This layer of a vessel is composed of areolar or fibrous connective tissue
Tunica externa
Capillaries contain only what layer of a vessel?
Tunica intima
How does the lumen of a vein differ from that of an artery?
It is more elongated and irregularly shaped and usually collapsed. It’s walls will be considerably thinner
Which arteries serve the brain?
Internal carotid artery and vertebral artery
What supplies the gluteal muscles?
Internal iliac artery
What does the external iliac artery supply?
The anterior abdominal wall and the lower limb
Name the type of blood vessel:
Drains capillary beds and merges to form veins
Venules
Name the type of blood vessel:
Provides for the exchange of materials (gases, nutrients etc) between the blood and tissue cells
Capillaries
Name the type of blood vessel:
Acts as a pressure reservoir, expanding and recoiling for continuous blood flow
Elastic (conducting) arteries
Name the type of blood vessel:
Low pressure vessels that return blood to the heart
Veins
Name the type of blood vessel:
They play a role in regulating the blood flow to specific areas of the body
Artérioles
Name the type of blood vessel:
Distribute blood to specific areas of the body
Muscular (distributing) arteries
What is the longest vein in the body?
The great saphenous vein
The arterial system has one of these; the venous system has two.
Brachiocephalic
What vein is blood usually removed from for testing purposes?
Median cubital vein
What is the functional supply of blood to the lungs provided by?
Bronchial arteries
After the left and right pulmonary arteries enter the lungs, what do they divide into?
Lobar arteries
Diffusion of the respiratory gases occurs between what two structures?
The walls of the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries
How do the number of lobar arteries differ between the right and the left?
There are three on the right and two on the left
The ductus venosus is a shunt between…
The liver and the right atrium of the heart
The foramen ovale is a shunt to transfer blood between the ___________ and ____________, bypassing the lungs
Right atrium; left atrium
The ductus arteriosus is a shunt that connects…
The pulmonary trunk and the aorta
What does the ductus arteriosus become after birth?
Ligamentum arteriosum
What does the foramen ovale become after birth?
Fossa ovalis
What does the ductus venosus become after birth?
Ligamentum venosum
What does the umbilical vein become after birth?
Ligamentum teres
What do the umbilical arteries become after birth?
Medial umbilical arteries
The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of what two veins?
The splenic and superior mesenteric veins
What is the key body organ involved in maintaining proper sugar, fatty acid, and amino acid concentrations in the blood?
Liver
Carries blood from the spleen, parts of the pancreas, and the stomach
Splenic vein
Drains the small intestine, part of the large intestine, and the stomach
Superior mesenteric vein
Drains the distal portion of the large intestine and rectum
Inferior mesenteric vein
What are two events occurring within the body that aid in venous return
Skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pressure changes
The average heart beats approximately _____ beats/min and so the length of the cardiac cycle is about _____ sec
75; 0.8
How much time does atrial contraction occupy?
0.1 seconds
How much time does atrial relaxation and ventricular contraction occupy?
0.3 seconds
Heart relaxation is also known as?
quiescent period
How long does the quiescent period last?
0.4 sec
At what two points are both the AV and SL valves of the heart closed?
Isovolumetric contraction and isovolumetric relaxation
What is the heart sound 1 associated with?
Closure of the AV valves
What is the heart sound 2 associated with?
Closer of the SL valves
What are abnormal heart sounds called?
Murmurs
Between the AV valves, which one closes slightly before the other?
Mitral before tricuspid
The alternating surges of pressure in an artery that occur with each contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle
Pulse
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is called the…
Pulse pressure
The difference between the apical and radial pulse is…
The pulse deficit
What is the apical pulse?
Actual counting of heartbeats
The sounds of Korotkoff indicate what?
The resumption of blood flow into the forearm
