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BIO163 > Ch. 25- The Urinary System > Flashcards

Ch. 25- The Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

How many liters of blood do the kidneys filter daily?

A

1/4 of blood; about 200 liters

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2
Q

The kidneys maintain the proper balance between what?

A

Water, salts, acids and bases

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3
Q

What is produced by the kidneys that help regulate blood pressure?

A

Renin

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4
Q

What are the four major nitrogenous wastes of the urinary system?

A

Urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia

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5
Q

Creatine phosphate produces…

A

Creatinine

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6
Q

What is the value of blood urea nitrogen?

A

6-18 mg/dl

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7
Q

Abnormally elevated BUN

A

Azotemia

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8
Q

Severe azotemia- diarrhea, vomiting, dyspnea, convulsions, coma, and death

A

Uremia

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9
Q

In what position are the kidneys found in the abdominal cavity?

A

Retroperitoneal position

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10
Q

Which kidney is lower and why?

A

The right kidney is lower because it is crowded by the liver

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11
Q

What helps attach the kidney to the body wall as well as providing cushion for it?

A

Adipose capsule

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12
Q

What structure anchors the kidney?

A

Renal fascia

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13
Q

Provides a temporary storage reservoir for urine

A

Urinary bladder

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14
Q

The light colored, granular superficial region

A

Cortex

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15
Q

Large branches of the renal pelvis that collect urine draining from papillae and empty urine into the pelvis

A

Major calyces

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16
Q

Approximately how much of systemic cardiac output flows through the kidneys each minute?

A

One fourth (1200ml)

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17
Q

What feeds into the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta?

A

Efferent arteriole

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18
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

The nephron

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19
Q

What are the two parts of a nephron and their function?

A

Renal corpuscle- blood filtration

Renal tubule- processes filtrate into urine

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20
Q

What is the capillary network of the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus

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21
Q

Cup-shaped end of a renal tubule that completely surrounds the glomerulus

A

Glomerular capsule

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22
Q

The glomerulus is a network of what type of capillaries?

A

Fenestrated

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23
Q

Can proteins pass through the glomerulus?

A

No

24
Q

Cells that wrap around the capillaries are called

A

Podocytes

25
Q

How many directions of flow are present in the glomerulus?

A

two; blood and filtrate

26
Q

Composed of cuboidal cells with microvilli that reabsorbs water and solutes from filtrate and secretes substances into it

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

27
Q

Cuboidal cells without microvilli that function more in secretion than reabsorption

A

Distal convoluted tubule

28
Q

What two cell types are found in the distal convoluted tubule near the collecting ducts?

A

Intercalated cells and principal cells

29
Q

What is the function of intercalated cells?

A

Maintain the acid-base balance of the body

30
Q

What is the function of principal cells?

A

Maintain the body’s water and walt balance

31
Q

Do intercalated cells have microvilli?

A

Yes

32
Q

Do principal cells have microvilli?

A

No

33
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary

34
Q

85% of nephrons are what?

A

Cortical

35
Q

These nephrons are involved in the production of concentrated urine

A

Juxtamedullary

36
Q

How many capillary beds does each nephron have?

A

2

37
Q

What are the three major processes of urine formation?

A

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion

38
Q

What is the pressure responsible for filtrate formation?

A

Net filtration pressure (NFP)

39
Q

Explain the glomerular filtration forces

A

55 mmHg of BHP is going out while 30 mmHg of COP is coming in as well as 15 mmHg of CP is coming in

40
Q

What is the net filtration pressure?

A

10 mmHG going out

41
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate?

A

125ml/min

42
Q

What is the equation for GFR?

A

GFR= NFP x Filtration coefficient

43
Q

Filtration coefficient equals

A

12.5 ml/min

44
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate?

A

The volume of filtrate produced by both kidneys per minute

45
Q

What is the GFR average in men and women?

A

Men- 125 ml/min

Women- 115 ml/min

46
Q

What three mechanisms control the GFR?

A

Renal autoregulation, neural controls, hormonal mechanism

47
Q

Arteriole walls have _____________ that are enlarged, smooth muscle cells

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

48
Q

Have secretory granules containing renin

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

49
Q

What system monitors fluid entering DCT and adjusts GFR to maintain homeostasis

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

50
Q

When do the macula densa cells secrete a vasoconstrictor?

A

When the GFR is too high

51
Q

What does sympathetic activity do to the afferent arteriole?

A

Constricts it

52
Q

What is released by the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Norepinephrine

53
Q

What is released by the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine

54
Q

Renin-angiotensin mechanism is stimulated by what nervous system?

A

Sympathetic

55
Q

When the JG cells release renin, what is triggered?

A

The Renin-angiotensin mechanism

BIO163 (18 decks)

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