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BIO163 > Ch. 23- The Digestive System > Flashcards

Ch. 23- The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Selective intake of food

A

Ingestion

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2
Q

Mechanical and biochemical breakdown of food into a form usable by the body

A

Digestion

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3
Q

Uptake of nutrient molecules into the epithelial cells of the digestive tract, and then into the blood or lymph

A

Adsorption

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4
Q

Elimination of undigested residue

A

Defecation

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5
Q

What are the major functions of the omentum?

A

Fat deposition, immune contribution, infection and would isolation

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6
Q

Milky spots in the omentum indicate what?

A

Macrophage collection

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7
Q

How many permanent teeth do you have?

A

32

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8
Q

How many deciduous teeth are there?

A

20

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9
Q

What are the 3 glands outside the oral cavity?

A

Submandibular, parotid, and sublingual

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10
Q

Intrinsic salivary glands are also called…

A

Buccal glands

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11
Q

Most saliva is produced by…

A

The extrinsic salivary glands

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12
Q

How much saliva is produced per day?

A

1-1.5 liters

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13
Q

What two nerves make up the autonomic innervation present with the salivary glands?

A

Facial and glossopharyngeal

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14
Q

What is another word for swallowing?

A

Deglutition

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15
Q

The vagus nerve is…

A

Parasympathetic

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16
Q

The celiac ganglia is…

A

Sympathetic

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17
Q

Peristalsis is…

A

A wave of muscular contraction

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18
Q

What is the celiac ganglia?

A

Two, large irregularly shaped masses of nerve tissue in the upper abdomen. They innervate most of the digestive tract

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19
Q

Where does protein digestion begin?

A

In the stomach

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20
Q

What do the parietal cells secrete?

A

HCL and intrinsic factor

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21
Q

How many liters of gastric juice is produced daily by the gastric glands?

A

2-3 liters

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22
Q

What is gastric juice composed of?

A

Water, HCL and pepsin

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the intrinsic factor?

A

It is required for vitamin B12 absorption and hemoglobin synthesis

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24
Q

What is a gastric secretion stimulated by?

A

Acetylcholine, histamine, and gastrin

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25
Q

Acetylcholine, histamine and gastrin all cause the production of ________, ______________ and ___________

A

HCL, intrinsic factor, and pepsinogen

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26
Q

The ________________ is active during the receptive relaxation of the stomach in response to swallowing of food

A

Vagovagal reflex

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27
Q

The vagovagal reflex allows for…

A

Large amounts of food in the gastrointestinal tracts

28
Q

Provides motor innervation to both layers and secretomotor innervation to the mucosa, having both parasympathetic and sympathetic input

A

Auerbach’s plexus (myenteric plexus)

29
Q

What is found in the muscles of the esophagus, stomach and intestine?

A

Auerbach’s plexus

30
Q

The major nerve supply to the gastrointestinal tract and controls GI tract motility

A

Auerbach’s plexus (myenteric plexus)

31
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen

32
Q

Stimulates gastric glands to secrete HCl and other enzymes; stimulates intestinal motility; relaxes iliocecal nerves

A

Gastrin

33
Q

Gastrin is what kind of secretion?

A

Paracrine

34
Q

Stimulates gastric motility

A

Serotonin

35
Q

Stimulates HCl secretion

A

Histamine

36
Q

Inhibits gastric secretion and motility, delays emptying stomach, inhibits secretion by pancreas, inhibits gall bladder contraction and secretion, reduces blood circulation and nutrient absorption in small intestine

A

Somatostatin

37
Q

What is required to emulsify fat?

A

Bile

38
Q

What makes up the hepatic triad?

A

Hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile ductule

39
Q

Which organ produces bile?

A

The liver

40
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

The gallbladder

41
Q

What does bile do?

A

Breaks up fats into smaller particles that are more accessible to digestive enzymes

42
Q

Liver produces about ________ ml of bile per day

A

500-1000ml

43
Q

Only these two parts of bile function in digestion

A

Bile salts and phospholipids

44
Q

This is produced by intestinal cells and causes release of bile

A

Secretin

45
Q

What is the major stimulus for contracting the gallbladder?

A

Cholecystokinin

46
Q

What relaxes the hepatopancreatic sphincter??

A

Cholecystokinin

47
Q

Where is protein digestion completed?

A

Small intestine

48
Q

What is the function of pancreatic proteases?

A

Digest proteins and peptide

49
Q

What are the pancreatic proteases?

A

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

50
Q

Digests carbohydrates

A

Amylases

51
Q

Digests lipids and fats

A

Lipases

52
Q

Digests nucleic acids, DNA and RNA

A

Nucleases

53
Q

What are the hormones produced by the pancreas?

A

Somatostatin, glucagon, insulin

54
Q

Under sympathetic control, inhibits gastric secretion, motility, and emptying

A

Somatostatin

55
Q

Raises blood glucose levels

A

Glucagon

56
Q

Transport glucose to cells, lowers blood glucose levels

A

Insulin

57
Q

Beta cells produce…

A

Insulin

58
Q

Alpha cells produce…

A

Glucagon

59
Q

This structure absorbs and transports fats

A

Lacteal

60
Q

Fat droplets are processed into…

A

Micelles

61
Q

Micelles are rearranged into __________ and these can be absorbed by _________

A

Chylomicrons; lacteals

62
Q

Because the tenia coli is shorter than the length of the large intestine, these pouches are created.

A

Haustra

63
Q

Haustral contractions are slow or fast?

A

Slow

64
Q

Activates small intestine motility

A

Gastroileal reflex

65
Q

Activates propulsive colon contraction

A

Gastrocolic reflex

66
Q

What reflex moves content from one haustra to the next?

A

Gastrocolic reflex

67
Q

Defecation is a __________ process

A

Parasympathetic

BIO163 (18 decks)

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