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BIO163 > Ch.17- Blood > Flashcards

Ch.17- Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

Approximately 7.4

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2
Q

What is the hematocrit of RBC for males and females?

A

Males- 47% +/- 5%

Females- 42% +/- 5%

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3
Q

What is the osmolarity of blood?

A

300

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4
Q

What is the viscosity of blood in comparison to water?

A

4.5-5.5X that of water

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5
Q

What is the average volume of blood in liters for males and females?

A

Males- 5-6 L

Females- 4-5 L

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6
Q

What nitrogenous waste of plasma is the most abundant product of amino acid catabolism but also the most toxic?

A

Urea

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7
Q

Where are blood proteins mostly produced?

A

In the liver

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8
Q

What percentage of plasma proteins does albumin account for?

A

About 60%

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9
Q

What is the Buffy coat made of?

A

White blood cells and platelets

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10
Q

Thrombocytes is another name for…

A

Platelets

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11
Q

What is the fluid left when blood clots?

A

Serum

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12
Q

What is the purpose of globulins and what percentage of plasma proteins do they make up?

A

To carry lipids, 36%

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13
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

The formation of red blood cells

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14
Q

What hormone is erythropoiesis stimulated by and where is it formed?

A

Erythropoietin, formed in the kidneys

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15
Q

What constitutes the majority of RBC and binds to oxygen reversibly? It gives blood it’s red color

A

Hemoglobin

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16
Q

What binds to the O2 molecule with oxygen transport?

A

Fe2+

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17
Q

What is the active form of Fe2+ called?

A

Ferrous

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18
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Low oxygen levels

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19
Q

Low RBC counts

A

Anemia

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20
Q

In addition to nutrients and iron, what other thing is a dietary requirement for erythropoiesis?

A

Vitamin B12 and folic acid

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21
Q

Where do expired RBCs degrade?

A

Liver and spleen

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22
Q

What happens to heme and globulin in degraded RBCs?

A

The heme is degraded to bilirubin and the globulin is metabolized into amino acids

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23
Q

Where does erythropoiesis occur?

A

Red bone marrow

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24
Q

What is the intrinsic factor?

A

It is a protein molecule produced in the stomach that is needed for the absorption of the vitamin b12

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25
Q

One cause of anemia that involves an absent or faulty globin chain.

A

Thalassemia

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26
Q

What happens with sickle-cell anemia?

A

A defective gene codes for abnormal hemoglobin, which causes RBCs to become sickle shaped in low oxygen situations

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27
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

A

Transport, regulation, protection

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28
Q

The study of blood

A

Hematology

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29
Q

What are considered formed elements of blood?

A

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets

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30
Q

What composition of blood to leukocytes and platelets occupy?

A

Less than 1%

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31
Q

What is the viscosity of plasma in comparison to water

A

2x that of water

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32
Q

If you become dehydrated, does blood become more or less viscous and how does this impact resistance?

A

Blood will increase in viscosity, which makes blood flow more resisted

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33
Q

What is the main function of blood?

A

Distribution of oxygen and nutrients to body cells

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34
Q

What are the non-nitrogenous elements of plasma (5)?

A

water, nutrients, electrolytes, respiratory gases, hormones

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35
Q

Is lactic acid a nitrogenous waste of plasma?

A

NO! It is non-nitrogenous

36
Q

A substance microscopically dispersed throughout another substance/evenly distributed

A

Colloid

37
Q

Prothrombin is a…

A

clotting factor

38
Q

What percentage does the plasma protein fibrinogen account for?

A

4%

39
Q

What is the active form of fibrinogen?

A

Fibrin

40
Q

What is the average amount of hemoglobin in a male?

A

13.8 to 17.2 gm/dL

41
Q

Most formed elements survive for how long in the bloodstream?

A

Only a few days

42
Q

What is leukopoiesis and what is it stimulated by?

A

Formation of WBCs, stimulated by a variety of cytokines

43
Q

What percentage of RBCs is hemoglobin?

A

Over 97%

44
Q

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport a maximum of how many oxygen molecules?

A

4

45
Q

As part of hemoglobin structure, there are how many chains?

A

2 alpha and 2 beta chains

46
Q

Each RBC has how many hemoglobin molecules?

A

280,000,000

47
Q

True or false.

Testosterone does not enhance EPO

A

False

48
Q

Once erythropoietin is produced in the kidneys, what does it stimulate?

A

Red bone marrow

49
Q

True or false.

Vitamin B12 and folic acid are necessary for DNA synthesis for cell division

A

True

50
Q

What is the storage molecule for ferritin?

A

Apoferritin

51
Q

What is the average life span of erythrocytes?

A

100-120 days

52
Q

Insufficient erythrocytes, low hemoglobin content, and abnormal hemoglobin are causes of…

A

Anemia

53
Q

In the case of sickle-cell anemia, at position 6 of the beta hemoglobin, instead of there being glutamic acid there is instead…

A

Valine

54
Q

An excess of RBCs that increase blood viscosity

A

Polycythemia

55
Q

Any large molecule capable of binding to an antibody and triggering an immune response

A

Antigen

56
Q

A protein of the gamma globulin class that reacts with an antigen

A

Antibody

57
Q

“To clump”

A

Agglutination

58
Q

Is agglutination the same thing as blood clotting?

A

NOOOOO

59
Q

Rh+ indicates the presence of…

A

D agglutinogen

60
Q

With what circumstances will a pregnant mother need to be injected with RhoGAM?

A

Rh- mother, Rh+ baby, second pregnancy

61
Q

What moves through tissues spaces by ameboid motion and positive chemotaxis?

A

WBC/Leukocytes

62
Q

Where do all leukocytes originate from?

A

Hemocytoblasts

63
Q

What are the Granulocytes of WBCs?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

64
Q

What types of WBCs are phagocytic

A

Granulocytes

65
Q

What is the more numerous type of WBC?

A

Neutrophil

66
Q

Digest parasitic worms that are too large to be phagocytized

A

Eosinophils

67
Q

Which of the granulocytes contains histamine?

A

Basophil

68
Q

An inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs to inflamed sites

A

Histamine

69
Q

What are the two types of Lymphocytes?

A

T cells and B cells

70
Q

What type of WBC differentiates into macrophages?

A

Monocytes

71
Q

Abnormally low WBC count

A

Leukopenia

72
Q

Abnormally low WBC count

A

Leukopenia

73
Q

Hairy cell leukemia affects what type of lymphocyte?

A

b cells

74
Q

Platelets are derived from…

A

Megakaryocytes

75
Q

Formation of platelets is regulated by

A

thrombopoietin

76
Q

Platelet granules contain… (5 things)

A

Serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP, and PDGF

77
Q

Thrombopoiesis is…

A

The formation of platelets

78
Q

True or False.

Platelets bind to collagen fibers in platelet plug formation/clotting.

A

True

79
Q

What are the three phases of coagulation?

A

Prothrombin activator is formed
Prothrombin is converted into thrombin
Thrombin catalyzes the joining of fibrinogen to form a fibrin mesh

80
Q

In order to dissolve a clot, plasminogen is converted to plasmin. Plasmin then does what to dissolve the clot?

A

Digests fibrin

81
Q

Occurs when an object from one part of the body migrates and causes blockage of blood vessels in another part of the body

A

Embolism

82
Q

When considering the role of platelets, Serotonin and Thromboxane A2 stimulate what?

A

Vasoconstriction

83
Q

In the steps of coagulation, is the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway faster?

A

Extrinsic, because it bypasses several steps of the intrinsic pathway

84
Q

Fibrinolysis is…

A

The breakdown of fibrin in blood clots

85
Q

A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel

A

Thrombus

86
Q

A thrombus freely floating in the blood stream

A

Embolus

87
Q

Deficient number of circulating platelets

A

Thrombocytopenia

BIO163 (18 decks)

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