Ch.17- Blood Flashcards
What is the pH of blood?
Approximately 7.4
What is the hematocrit of RBC for males and females?
Males- 47% +/- 5%
Females- 42% +/- 5%
What is the osmolarity of blood?
300
What is the viscosity of blood in comparison to water?
4.5-5.5X that of water
What is the average volume of blood in liters for males and females?
Males- 5-6 L
Females- 4-5 L
What nitrogenous waste of plasma is the most abundant product of amino acid catabolism but also the most toxic?
Urea
Where are blood proteins mostly produced?
In the liver
What percentage of plasma proteins does albumin account for?
About 60%
What is the Buffy coat made of?
White blood cells and platelets
Thrombocytes is another name for…
Platelets
What is the fluid left when blood clots?
Serum
What is the purpose of globulins and what percentage of plasma proteins do they make up?
To carry lipids, 36%
What is erythropoiesis?
The formation of red blood cells
What hormone is erythropoiesis stimulated by and where is it formed?
Erythropoietin, formed in the kidneys
What constitutes the majority of RBC and binds to oxygen reversibly? It gives blood it’s red color
Hemoglobin
What binds to the O2 molecule with oxygen transport?
Fe2+
What is the active form of Fe2+ called?
Ferrous
What is hypoxia?
Low oxygen levels
Low RBC counts
Anemia
In addition to nutrients and iron, what other thing is a dietary requirement for erythropoiesis?
Vitamin B12 and folic acid
Where do expired RBCs degrade?
Liver and spleen
What happens to heme and globulin in degraded RBCs?
The heme is degraded to bilirubin and the globulin is metabolized into amino acids
Where does erythropoiesis occur?
Red bone marrow
What is the intrinsic factor?
It is a protein molecule produced in the stomach that is needed for the absorption of the vitamin b12
One cause of anemia that involves an absent or faulty globin chain.
Thalassemia
What happens with sickle-cell anemia?
A defective gene codes for abnormal hemoglobin, which causes RBCs to become sickle shaped in low oxygen situations
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
Transport, regulation, protection
The study of blood
Hematology
What are considered formed elements of blood?
Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets
What composition of blood to leukocytes and platelets occupy?
Less than 1%
What is the viscosity of plasma in comparison to water
2x that of water
If you become dehydrated, does blood become more or less viscous and how does this impact resistance?
Blood will increase in viscosity, which makes blood flow more resisted
What is the main function of blood?
Distribution of oxygen and nutrients to body cells
What are the non-nitrogenous elements of plasma (5)?
water, nutrients, electrolytes, respiratory gases, hormones
Is lactic acid a nitrogenous waste of plasma?
NO! It is non-nitrogenous
A substance microscopically dispersed throughout another substance/evenly distributed
Colloid
Prothrombin is a…
clotting factor
What percentage does the plasma protein fibrinogen account for?
4%
What is the active form of fibrinogen?
Fibrin
What is the average amount of hemoglobin in a male?
13.8 to 17.2 gm/dL
Most formed elements survive for how long in the bloodstream?
Only a few days
What is leukopoiesis and what is it stimulated by?
Formation of WBCs, stimulated by a variety of cytokines
What percentage of RBCs is hemoglobin?
Over 97%
Each hemoglobin molecule can transport a maximum of how many oxygen molecules?
4
As part of hemoglobin structure, there are how many chains?
2 alpha and 2 beta chains
Each RBC has how many hemoglobin molecules?
280,000,000
True or false.
Testosterone does not enhance EPO
False
Once erythropoietin is produced in the kidneys, what does it stimulate?
Red bone marrow
True or false.
Vitamin B12 and folic acid are necessary for DNA synthesis for cell division
True
What is the storage molecule for ferritin?
Apoferritin
What is the average life span of erythrocytes?
100-120 days
Insufficient erythrocytes, low hemoglobin content, and abnormal hemoglobin are causes of…
Anemia
In the case of sickle-cell anemia, at position 6 of the beta hemoglobin, instead of there being glutamic acid there is instead…
Valine
An excess of RBCs that increase blood viscosity
Polycythemia
Any large molecule capable of binding to an antibody and triggering an immune response
Antigen
A protein of the gamma globulin class that reacts with an antigen
Antibody
“To clump”
Agglutination
Is agglutination the same thing as blood clotting?
NOOOOO
Rh+ indicates the presence of…
D agglutinogen
With what circumstances will a pregnant mother need to be injected with RhoGAM?
Rh- mother, Rh+ baby, second pregnancy
What moves through tissues spaces by ameboid motion and positive chemotaxis?
WBC/Leukocytes
Where do all leukocytes originate from?
Hemocytoblasts
What are the Granulocytes of WBCs?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
What types of WBCs are phagocytic
Granulocytes
What is the more numerous type of WBC?
Neutrophil
Digest parasitic worms that are too large to be phagocytized
Eosinophils
Which of the granulocytes contains histamine?
Basophil
An inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs to inflamed sites
Histamine
What are the two types of Lymphocytes?
T cells and B cells
What type of WBC differentiates into macrophages?
Monocytes
Abnormally low WBC count
Leukopenia
Abnormally low WBC count
Leukopenia
Hairy cell leukemia affects what type of lymphocyte?
b cells
Platelets are derived from…
Megakaryocytes
Formation of platelets is regulated by
thrombopoietin
Platelet granules contain… (5 things)
Serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP, and PDGF
Thrombopoiesis is…
The formation of platelets
True or False.
Platelets bind to collagen fibers in platelet plug formation/clotting.
True
What are the three phases of coagulation?
Prothrombin activator is formed
Prothrombin is converted into thrombin
Thrombin catalyzes the joining of fibrinogen to form a fibrin mesh
In order to dissolve a clot, plasminogen is converted to plasmin. Plasmin then does what to dissolve the clot?
Digests fibrin
Occurs when an object from one part of the body migrates and causes blockage of blood vessels in another part of the body
Embolism
When considering the role of platelets, Serotonin and Thromboxane A2 stimulate what?
Vasoconstriction
In the steps of coagulation, is the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway faster?
Extrinsic, because it bypasses several steps of the intrinsic pathway
Fibrinolysis is…
The breakdown of fibrin in blood clots
A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel
Thrombus
A thrombus freely floating in the blood stream
Embolus
Deficient number of circulating platelets
Thrombocytopenia
