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BIO163 > Ch.22- The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Ch.22- The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

The major function of the respiratory system is to…

A

supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide

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2
Q

What is the first stage of respiration and what occurs during this phase?

A

Pulmonary ventilation; air is moved into and out of the lungs

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3
Q

What is the second stage of respiration and what occurs during this phase?

A

External respiration; oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the lungs

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4
Q

What is the third stage of respiration and what occurs during this phase?

A

Transport of respiratory gases; oxygen is transported from the lungs to the tissue cells of the body, and carbon dioxide is transported from the tissue cells to the lungs

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5
Q

What is the fourth stage of respiration and what occurs during this phase?

A

Internal respiration; oxygen diffuses from blood to tissue cells, and carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue cells to blood

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6
Q

When does the lower respiratory system begin at?

A

the larynx and all structures below it

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7
Q

Name the 5 functions of the nose.

A

1) airway for respiration
2) moistens and warms entering air
3) filters and cleans inspired air
4) serves as a resonating chamber of speech
5) houses the olfactory receptors

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8
Q

What structure separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?

A

The palate (hard and soft)

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9
Q

What structure is located just superior to the nostrils and contains sebaceous and sweat glands and numerous hair follicles?

A

Nasal vestibule

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10
Q

What lines most of the nasal cavity?

A

Respiratory mucosa

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11
Q

What is the role of mucus?

A

to trap inspired dust, bacteria, and other debris. The mucus film also humidifies incoming air because of the high water content

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12
Q

What does a lysozyme do?

A

attacks and destroys bacteria

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13
Q

Natural antibiotics that help kill invading microbes

A

defensins

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14
Q

What benefit do the nasal conchae give?

A

they greatly increase the muscosal surface area exposed to air and enhance air turbulence in the cavity

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15
Q

What do the paranasal sinuses do?

A

they lighten the skull and may help warm and moisten the air

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16
Q

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa accompanied by excessive mucus production, nasal congestion, and postnasal drip

A

rhinitis

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17
Q

Inflamed sinuses

A

sinusitis

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18
Q

Where is mucus produced?

A

in the nose/nasal cavity

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19
Q

This structure connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly

A

Pharynx

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20
Q

The pharynx is aka…

A

the throat

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21
Q

This part of the pharynx serves only as an air passageway

A

nasopharynx

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22
Q

During swallowing, what moves superiorly to close off the nasopharynx and prevent food from entering the nasal cavity?

A

soft palate and uvula

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23
Q

This structure traps and destroys pathogens entering the nasopharynx in air

A

pharyngeal tonsil

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24
Q

This structure drains the middle ear cavities and allows middle ear pressure to equalize with atmospheric pressure

A

Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes

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25
True or False. Both swallowed food and inhaled air pass through the nasopharynx
False
26
True or False. In the oropharynx, both swallowed food and inhaled air pass through
True
27
Similarly to the oropharynx, this structure serves as a passageway for food and air and is lined with stratified squamous epithelium
Laryngopharynx
28
What two processes of respiration is the actual respiratory system responsible for?
Pulmonary ventilation and external respiration
29
What two processes of respiration is the circulatory system responsible for?
Transport of respiratory gases, internal respiration
30
Why is molecular oxygen so important in order to breathe?
Because oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the ETC of cellular respiration, which ends up making ATP
31
What is the site of gas exchange?
Respiratory zone
32
What are the structures of the respiratory zone?
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
33
Conduits to gas exchange sites
Conducting zone
34
The upper respiratory tract involves...
organs in the head and neck, nose through larynx
35
The lower respiratory tract involves...
organs of the thorax, trachea through lungs
36
Airflow in lungs goes from the bronchi to...
bronchi--> bronchioles--> alveoli
37
What is the voice box?
larynx
38
What constitutes the roof of the nasal cavity?
ethmoid and sphenoid bones
39
What constitutes the floor of the nasal cavity?
hard and soft palates
40
What are vibrissae and what do they do?
Hairs that filter coarse particles from inspired air
41
What type of epithelium tissue makes up the respiratory mucosa?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
42
What triggers sneezing?
Sensory nerve endings
43
What part of the respiratory mucosa moves contaminated mucus posteriorly to throat?
cilia
44
Inspired air is warmed by what part of the respiratory mucosa?
plexuses of capillaries and veins
45
What is the role of the nasal conchae during exhalation?
To reclaim heat and moisture
46
Passageway for food and air from the level of the soft palate to the epiglottis
Oropharynx
47
What is the opening to the oral cavity?
isthmus of the fauces
48
What is the smallest part of the pharynx?
oropharynx
49
This part of the pharynx extends to the larynx where it is also continuous with the esophagus
laryngopharynx
50
What are the 3 functions of the larynx?
1) provides a patent airway 2) routes air and food into proper channels 3) voice production
51
Splitting point where there is a diversion to esophagus and trachea
Larynx
52
What covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing?
Epiglottis
53
How do the intrinsic muscles control vocal cords?
They pull on the cartilages and cause them to pivot
54
Are the vestibular folds true or false vocal cords?
False
55
Are the false vocal cords superior or inferior?
Superior
56
What is the role of the vestibular folds?
helps to close the glottis during swallowing
57
Explain valsalva's maneuver?
The glottis closes to prevent exhalation while the abdominal muscles contract and pressure rises. It is used to help empty the rectum or stabilize the trunk during heavy lifting
58
What are the three layers that make up the trachea?
mucosa, submucosa, adventitia
59
What layer of the trachea is outermost and made up of connective tissue that encases 16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage?
adventitia
60
Where does the trachealis muscle connect?
posterior parts of cartilage ring
61
What is the carina?
Point where trachea branches into two bronchi
62
What propels mucus upward?
Cilia
63
What type of cell secretes mucus?
Goblet cell
64
The branching pattern of the bronchi is called the...
bronchial respiratory tree
65
The right main bronchus is...
wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left
66
What does the main bronchus branch into?
Lobar bronchi (three for the right, two for left)
67
Is there cartilage found in bronchioles?
No
68
As bronchi turns into bronchioles, structural changes occur and one of these is that cartilage rings give way to...
Plates
69
The respiratory zone is defined by...
the presence of alveoli
70
When does the respiratory zone begin?
As the terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles
71
What accounts for most of the lungs volume?
Alveoli
72
What structure is found within alveoli that allows for gas exchange?
Capillaries
73
Histamine is a...
Bronchoconstrictor
74
What is the function of alveoli pores?
They connect adjacent alveoli and allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized
75
Alveolar walls are made up of a single layer of...
Type 1 epithelial cells
76
What do alveolar walls allow for?
gas exchange by simple diffusion
77
What do the alveolar walls secrete?
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
78
What type of cell secretes surfactant?
Type II epithelial cells
79
What is the function of surfactant?
Keeps alveoli inflated so they don't collapse
80
Describe the left lung and how it differs from the right.
The left lung is smaller, separated into two lobes by an oblique fissure
81
Describe the right lung and how it differs from the left.
The right lung has three lobes separated by oblique and horizontal fissures
82
What are the three functions of the pleura and pleural fluid?
1) reduction of friction 2) creation of pressure gradients 3) compartmentalization
83
Pulmonary circulation has _____ pressure and ______ volume while systemic circulation has ______ pressure and _____ volume
low, high, high, low
84
What provides oxygenated blood to the actual lung tissue?
bronchial arteries
85
Bronchial arteries supply all lung tissue except...
the alveoli
86
True or False. In order to breathe in and out, there must be pressure differences
True
87
According to Boyle's law, as pressure increases, volume...
Decreases
88
According to Charle's law, as temperature increases, volume....
increases
89
Dalton's law states that...
The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of it's individual gases
90
What is atmospheric pressure?
Pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body; 760 mmHg
91
What is negative respiratory pressure?
Less than Patm
92
What is positive respiratory pressure?
Greater than Patm
93
What is intrapulmonary pressure?
Pressure in the alveoli that fluctuates with breathing
94
True or False. Intrapulmonary pressure always eventually equalizes with Patm
True
95
What is intrapleural pressure?
Pressure in the alveoli that fluctuates with breathing
96
Which one, intrapulmonary or intrapleural pressure is always negative?
Intrapleural; Pip
97
What are the two things that cause negative intrapleural pressure?
Elastic recoil of lungs and surface tension of alveolar fluid
98
What is transpulmonary pressure?
Intrapulmonary pressure - intrapleural pressure
99
The greater the transpulmonary pressure, the _____ the lungs
larger
100
Atelectasis is...
lung collapse
101
What is the goal of gas flow?
To equalize pressure
102
What happens to intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration?
Drops to -1 mmHg
103
What five muscles contribute to inspiration?
sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, external intercostals, diaphragm, pectoralis minor
104
What happens to intrapulmonary pressure during quiet expiration?
Rises to +1 mmHg
105
What is the difference between quiet and forced expiration?
Quiet expiration is normally a passive process and forced expiration if an active process that uses abdominal and internal intercostal muscles
106
Inspiratory muscles must overcome what three factors that hinder air passage and pulmonary ventilation?
Airway resistance, alveolar surface tension, and lung compliance
107
What is the major nonelastic source of resistance to gas flow?
friction
108
With increased resistance, gas flow ________
decreases
109
Where does resistance to flow disappear?
At the terminal bronchioles where diffusion drives gas movement
110
What dilates bronchioles and decreases air resistance?
Epinephrine
111
What is surface tension in relation to alveoli?
Liquid molecules are attracted to one another at the gas-liquid interface of alveoli and they resist any force that tends to increase the surface area of the liquid
112
What does surfactant do?
Reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid and discourages alveolar collapse
113
What does the liquid coating of alveoli tend to do?
Reduce the alveoli to the smallest possible size
114
How does surfactant reduce surface tension?
It disrupts hydrogen bonding by becoming interspersed between H20 molecules
115
A measure of the change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure
Lung compliance
116
Distensibility (stretching) of lung tissue and alveolar surface tension create what situation?
High lung compliance
117
Name the values for the partial pressures: Inspired air Po2: Pco2:
Po2: 159 Pco2:0.3
118
Name the values for the partial pressures: Alveolar air Po2: Pco2:
Po2: 104 Pco2:40
119
Name the values for the partial pressures: Oxygenated blood Po2: Pco2:
Po2: 95 Pco2: 40
120
Name the values for the partial pressures: Tissue fluid Po2: Pco2:
Po2: 40 Pco2: 46
121
Name the values for the partial pressures: Deoxygenated blood Po2: Pco2:
Po2: 40 Pco2: 46
122
Name the values for the partial pressures: Expired air Po2: Pco2:
Po2: 116 Pco2: 32
123
The central chemoreceptors monitor...
CO2
124
The peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic and carotid bodies monitor...
O2
125
The depth and rate of breathing is controlled by...
The central chemoreceptors
126
Ventilation increase is controlled by...
The peripheral chemoreceptors
127
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?
Carotid and aortic bodies
128
Where are central chemoreceptors located?
Surface of medulla
129
What stimulates the central chemoreceptors?
H+
130
Usually due to inadequate pulmonary gas exchange
hypoxemic hypoxia
131
Inadequate circulation
Ischemic hypoxia
132
Metabolic poison (cyanide)
Histotoxic hypoxia
133
The primary effect of hypoxia is what?
Tissue necrosis

BIO163 (18 decks)

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