Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO163 > Ch.22- The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Ch.22- The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

The major function of the respiratory system is to…

A

supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the first stage of respiration and what occurs during this phase?

A

Pulmonary ventilation; air is moved into and out of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the second stage of respiration and what occurs during this phase?

A

External respiration; oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the third stage of respiration and what occurs during this phase?

A

Transport of respiratory gases; oxygen is transported from the lungs to the tissue cells of the body, and carbon dioxide is transported from the tissue cells to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the fourth stage of respiration and what occurs during this phase?

A

Internal respiration; oxygen diffuses from blood to tissue cells, and carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue cells to blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When does the lower respiratory system begin at?

A

the larynx and all structures below it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the 5 functions of the nose.

A

1) airway for respiration
2) moistens and warms entering air
3) filters and cleans inspired air
4) serves as a resonating chamber of speech
5) houses the olfactory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What structure separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?

A

The palate (hard and soft)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What structure is located just superior to the nostrils and contains sebaceous and sweat glands and numerous hair follicles?

A

Nasal vestibule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What lines most of the nasal cavity?

A

Respiratory mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the role of mucus?

A

to trap inspired dust, bacteria, and other debris. The mucus film also humidifies incoming air because of the high water content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does a lysozyme do?

A

attacks and destroys bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Natural antibiotics that help kill invading microbes

A

defensins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What benefit do the nasal conchae give?

A

they greatly increase the muscosal surface area exposed to air and enhance air turbulence in the cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do the paranasal sinuses do?

A

they lighten the skull and may help warm and moisten the air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa accompanied by excessive mucus production, nasal congestion, and postnasal drip

A

rhinitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Inflamed sinuses

A

sinusitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is mucus produced?

A

in the nose/nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

This structure connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly

A

Pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The pharynx is aka…

A

the throat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

This part of the pharynx serves only as an air passageway

A

nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

During swallowing, what moves superiorly to close off the nasopharynx and prevent food from entering the nasal cavity?

A

soft palate and uvula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

This structure traps and destroys pathogens entering the nasopharynx in air

A

pharyngeal tonsil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

This structure drains the middle ear cavities and allows middle ear pressure to equalize with atmospheric pressure

A

Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

True or False.

Both swallowed food and inhaled air pass through the nasopharynx

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

True or False.

In the oropharynx, both swallowed food and inhaled air pass through

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Similarly to the oropharynx, this structure serves as a passageway for food and air and is lined with stratified squamous epithelium

A

Laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What two processes of respiration is the actual respiratory system responsible for?

A

Pulmonary ventilation and external respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What two processes of respiration is the circulatory system responsible for?

A

Transport of respiratory gases, internal respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why is molecular oxygen so important in order to breathe?

A

Because oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the ETC of cellular respiration, which ends up making ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the site of gas exchange?

A

Respiratory zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the structures of the respiratory zone?

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Conduits to gas exchange sites

A

Conducting zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The upper respiratory tract involves…

A

organs in the head and neck, nose through larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The lower respiratory tract involves…

A

organs of the thorax, trachea through lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Airflow in lungs goes from the bronchi to…

A

bronchi–> bronchioles–> alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the voice box?

A

larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What constitutes the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

ethmoid and sphenoid bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What constitutes the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

hard and soft palates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are vibrissae and what do they do?

A

Hairs that filter coarse particles from inspired air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What type of epithelium tissue makes up the respiratory mucosa?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What triggers sneezing?

A

Sensory nerve endings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What part of the respiratory mucosa moves contaminated mucus posteriorly to throat?

A

cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Inspired air is warmed by what part of the respiratory mucosa?

A

plexuses of capillaries and veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the role of the nasal conchae during exhalation?

A

To reclaim heat and moisture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Passageway for food and air from the level of the soft palate to the epiglottis

A

Oropharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the opening to the oral cavity?

A

isthmus of the fauces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the smallest part of the pharynx?

A

oropharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

This part of the pharynx extends to the larynx where it is also continuous with the esophagus

A

laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are the 3 functions of the larynx?

A

1) provides a patent airway
2) routes air and food into proper channels
3) voice production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Splitting point where there is a diversion to esophagus and trachea

A

Larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing?

A

Epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How do the intrinsic muscles control vocal cords?

A

They pull on the cartilages and cause them to pivot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Are the vestibular folds true or false vocal cords?

A

False

55
Q

Are the false vocal cords superior or inferior?

A

Superior

56
Q

What is the role of the vestibular folds?

A

helps to close the glottis during swallowing

57
Q

Explain valsalva’s maneuver?

A

The glottis closes to prevent exhalation while the abdominal muscles contract and pressure rises. It is used to help empty the rectum or stabilize the trunk during heavy lifting

58
Q

What are the three layers that make up the trachea?

A

mucosa, submucosa, adventitia

59
Q

What layer of the trachea is outermost and made up of connective tissue that encases 16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage?

A

adventitia

60
Q

Where does the trachealis muscle connect?

A

posterior parts of cartilage ring

61
Q

What is the carina?

A

Point where trachea branches into two bronchi

62
Q

What propels mucus upward?

A

Cilia

63
Q

What type of cell secretes mucus?

A

Goblet cell

64
Q

The branching pattern of the bronchi is called the…

A

bronchial respiratory tree

65
Q

The right main bronchus is…

A

wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left

66
Q

What does the main bronchus branch into?

A

Lobar bronchi (three for the right, two for left)

67
Q

Is there cartilage found in bronchioles?

A

No

68
Q

As bronchi turns into bronchioles, structural changes occur and one of these is that cartilage rings give way to…

A

Plates

69
Q

The respiratory zone is defined by…

A

the presence of alveoli

70
Q

When does the respiratory zone begin?

A

As the terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles

71
Q

What accounts for most of the lungs volume?

A

Alveoli

72
Q

What structure is found within alveoli that allows for gas exchange?

A

Capillaries

73
Q

Histamine is a…

A

Bronchoconstrictor

74
Q

What is the function of alveoli pores?

A

They connect adjacent alveoli and allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized

75
Q

Alveolar walls are made up of a single layer of…

A

Type 1 epithelial cells

76
Q

What do alveolar walls allow for?

A

gas exchange by simple diffusion

77
Q

What do the alveolar walls secrete?

A

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

78
Q

What type of cell secretes surfactant?

A

Type II epithelial cells

79
Q

What is the function of surfactant?

A

Keeps alveoli inflated so they don’t collapse

80
Q

Describe the left lung and how it differs from the right.

A

The left lung is smaller, separated into two lobes by an oblique fissure

81
Q

Describe the right lung and how it differs from the left.

A

The right lung has three lobes separated by oblique and horizontal fissures

82
Q

What are the three functions of the pleura and pleural fluid?

A

1) reduction of friction
2) creation of pressure gradients
3) compartmentalization

83
Q

Pulmonary circulation has _____ pressure and ______ volume while systemic circulation has ______ pressure and _____ volume

A

low, high, high, low

84
Q

What provides oxygenated blood to the actual lung tissue?

A

bronchial arteries

85
Q

Bronchial arteries supply all lung tissue except…

A

the alveoli

86
Q

True or False.

In order to breathe in and out, there must be pressure differences

A

True

87
Q

According to Boyle’s law, as pressure increases, volume…

A

Decreases

88
Q

According to Charle’s law, as temperature increases, volume….

A

increases

89
Q

Dalton’s law states that…

A

The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of it’s individual gases

90
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body; 760 mmHg

91
Q

What is negative respiratory pressure?

A

Less than Patm

92
Q

What is positive respiratory pressure?

A

Greater than Patm

93
Q

What is intrapulmonary pressure?

A

Pressure in the alveoli that fluctuates with breathing

94
Q

True or False.

Intrapulmonary pressure always eventually equalizes with Patm

A

True

95
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A

Pressure in the alveoli that fluctuates with breathing

96
Q

Which one, intrapulmonary or intrapleural pressure is always negative?

A

Intrapleural; Pip

97
Q

What are the two things that cause negative intrapleural pressure?

A

Elastic recoil of lungs and surface tension of alveolar fluid

98
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

Intrapulmonary pressure - intrapleural pressure

99
Q

The greater the transpulmonary pressure, the _____ the lungs

A

larger

100
Q

Atelectasis is…

A

lung collapse

101
Q

What is the goal of gas flow?

A

To equalize pressure

102
Q

What happens to intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration?

A

Drops to -1 mmHg

103
Q

What five muscles contribute to inspiration?

A

sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, external intercostals, diaphragm, pectoralis minor

104
Q

What happens to intrapulmonary pressure during quiet expiration?

A

Rises to +1 mmHg

105
Q

What is the difference between quiet and forced expiration?

A

Quiet expiration is normally a passive process and forced expiration if an active process that uses abdominal and internal intercostal muscles

106
Q

Inspiratory muscles must overcome what three factors that hinder air passage and pulmonary ventilation?

A

Airway resistance, alveolar surface tension, and lung compliance

107
Q

What is the major nonelastic source of resistance to gas flow?

A

friction

108
Q

With increased resistance, gas flow ________

A

decreases

109
Q

Where does resistance to flow disappear?

A

At the terminal bronchioles where diffusion drives gas movement

110
Q

What dilates bronchioles and decreases air resistance?

A

Epinephrine

111
Q

What is surface tension in relation to alveoli?

A

Liquid molecules are attracted to one another at the gas-liquid interface of alveoli and they resist any force that tends to increase the surface area of the liquid

112
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

Reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid and discourages alveolar collapse

113
Q

What does the liquid coating of alveoli tend to do?

A

Reduce the alveoli to the smallest possible size

114
Q

How does surfactant reduce surface tension?

A

It disrupts hydrogen bonding by becoming interspersed between H20 molecules

115
Q

A measure of the change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure

A

Lung compliance

116
Q

Distensibility (stretching) of lung tissue and alveolar surface tension create what situation?

A

High lung compliance

117
Q

Name the values for the partial pressures:

Inspired air
Po2:
Pco2:

A

Po2: 159
Pco2:0.3

118
Q

Name the values for the partial pressures:

Alveolar air
Po2:
Pco2:

A

Po2: 104
Pco2:40

119
Q

Name the values for the partial pressures:

Oxygenated blood
Po2:
Pco2:

A

Po2: 95
Pco2: 40

120
Q

Name the values for the partial pressures:

Tissue fluid
Po2:
Pco2:

A

Po2: 40
Pco2: 46

121
Q

Name the values for the partial pressures:

Deoxygenated blood
Po2:
Pco2:

A

Po2: 40
Pco2: 46

122
Q

Name the values for the partial pressures:

Expired air
Po2:
Pco2:

A

Po2: 116
Pco2: 32

123
Q

The central chemoreceptors monitor…

A

CO2

124
Q

The peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic and carotid bodies monitor…

A

O2

125
Q

The depth and rate of breathing is controlled by…

A

The central chemoreceptors

126
Q

Ventilation increase is controlled by…

A

The peripheral chemoreceptors

127
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

Carotid and aortic bodies

128
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

A

Surface of medulla

129
Q

What stimulates the central chemoreceptors?

A

H+

130
Q

Usually due to inadequate pulmonary gas exchange

A

hypoxemic hypoxia

131
Q

Inadequate circulation

A

Ischemic hypoxia

132
Q

Metabolic poison (cyanide)

A

Histotoxic hypoxia

133
Q

The primary effect of hypoxia is what?

A

Tissue necrosis

BIO163 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions